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AN ASSESSMENT OF WORKPLACE BULLYING PRACTICE AND ITS EFFECTS TO TEACHER PERFORMANCE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
There had been many definitions of bullying and it comes in many forms, shapes and sizes. It is commonly defined as an adverse behavior towards another with the deliberate intent to harm, putting the targeted victim in a situation that is hard for him to defend himself. Though bullying in schools and universities is a widespread phenomenon, the common subject is student-student bullying or teacher bullying a student. Much has been researched about bullying in schools but it only focuses on students and their rights. No attention is given to teachers, that they themselves could be victims of bullying too (Field 2018). Targeted teachers who experience rigid public scrutiny and taunting from workplace bullies may possibly cause them a sense of humiliation, making them lose their self-confidence, doubt their capacity, thereby creating an abnormal fear to do their functions in school and maintain relationships with learners and colleagues.
Whilst most researchers seemed to agree that the repeated nature of workplace conflict or harassment qualified it as workplace bullying. Olsen (2010) further noted that workplace bullying had four elements; (i) unwanted, (ii) unwarranted,(iii) repeated (iv) detrimental behaviour. Thus, as Hor (2012) conceded, where behaviour was neither serious nor repeated, it was unlikely to be found to constitute an occurrence of workplace bullying. Olsen (2010) also noted that some people were offended by the term ‘workplace bullying’ but he argued that the practice was more offensive and a disgrace to the notion of a civilised society. Other terms for workplace bullying as revealed by Einarsen et al (2011) were ‘mobbing at work,’ a term used in the Scandinavian and German countries and, ‘bullying at work,’ as it was referred to in English speaking countries. Pinkos -Cobb (2012) further pointed out that another term for workplace bullying was ‘status blind harassment.’ However, some authors distinguish workplace bullying from mobbing. According to the Workplace Bullying Institute (2012), workplace bullying was one on one mistreatment while mobbing had multiple perpetrators who ganged up on a single target. Synthesizing the various definitions that were explored, the working definition for this research is that workplace bullying is a serious and repeated mistreatment of an employee or employees in the workplace which could cause harm to the recipient.
Needham (2003) argues that workplace bullying is difficult to contain because the harassment usually takes place covertly, many times out of sight of supervisors and coworkers. Bullying and general harassment are far more prevalent than other destructive behaviors covered by legislation, such as sexual harassment and racial discrimination (Namie, 2006). Bullies are costly to employers.
The inefficiency, dysfunction, and conflict that surround serial bullies can spread through entire organizations. Workplace bullying is a problem and is an important organizational and social concern. Workplace bullying behavior can affect a target’s faculties to perform his or her job, which can impact the financial performances of an organization. There are types of mistreatment targets were subjected to by bullies and whether targets were able to receive help from company representatives to alleviate or stop the aggressive bullying behavior. The relationship between a bullying situation and a positive outcome has not been previously investigated (Oade, 2009). Although the bullying of adults in the workplace is a phenomenon that has existed for many years, it has recently been recognized as a significant problem. With this recognition comes an awareness of the prevalence and seriousness of the problem (Kitt, 2004). Human resource managers are realizing the costs to productivity related to this type of aggressive behavior (Sutton, 2007).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Workplace bullying constitutes a problem to many organizations today, irrespective of size and sector. This antisocial behavior confronts organizations operating in developed and developing countries alike with the consequences well documented in the scholarly literature. At the individual level, bullying may lead to suicide tendency, loss of self-respect, and self-image (Djukorvik et al., 2004), high stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, sleep disturbances, and increased depression (Salin, 2003), unhappiness, anxiety, withdrawal, and undue cautiousness, thereby affecting performance of an employee (Hoel & Cooper, 2003). At the organizational level, it adversely affects employee commitment, job satisfaction, absenteeism, and turnover (Oghojafor, et al., 2012). Though difficult to define, workplace bullying could be seen as “all situations in which one or more persons over a period of time feels subjected to negative acts that one cannot defend oneself against” Workplace bullying is widespread and has the potential to have devastating effects on an employee’s performance. Employees who are bullied, and those who work with bullies, take sick leave more often than those who are not bullied on the job. Although bullying has become a popular subject of study since the mid-1990s, the relationship between bullying in the workplace and job performance are not well known, this research therefore studies the effects of workplace bully and the effect it has on teacher performance.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to find out the effects of workplace bully on teacher performance in Kwara state, specifically the study intends to;
1. Find out the factors that influence workplace bully among secondary school teachers
2. Analyze the effects of workplace bully on teacher job performance
3. Examine the effect of work place bully on job satisfaction of teachers
1.4 Research Question
1. What re the factors that influence workplace bully among secondary school teachers
2. Is there any significant effects of workplace bully on teacher job performance
3. Examine the effect of work place bully on job satisfaction of teachers
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: there is no significant effects of workplace bully on teacher job performance
Hi: there a significant effects of workplace bully on teacher job performance
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research will be significant because workplace bullying is costing employers money and costing employees their health and usually their jobs. Workplace bullying affects to direct and indirect costs to the organization. Direct costs are easier to identify employee absence, increased turnover, increased legal fees, and increased security expenses.
Also, this study intends to generate a new framework for further research pertaining workplace bullying and employees’ performance. Also the findings of this study can be used by top management and HRM managers and practitioners to plan and ensure appropriate positioning of their employees in order to improve workplace relationship.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This research will vividly examine the effect of workplace bullying on teachers performance, the concept of workplace bully will be examined through related literatures, factors that drive workplace bully and the effect will also be examined. This research work will be conducted in Kwara state.
1.8 Delimitation of the Study
Finance for the general research work will be a challenge during the course of study. Correspondents also might not be able to complete or willing to submit the questionnaires given to them.
However, it is believed that these constraints will be worked on by making the best use of the available materials and spending more than the necessary time in the research work. Therefore, it is strongly believed that despite these constraint, its effect on this research report will be minimal, thus, making the objective and significance of the study achievable.
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