TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgments iv
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables x
List of Figures xiii
Acronyms xiv
Appendices xvii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Objective of the Study 5
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Hypotheses 6
1.6 Justification for the Study 6
1.7 Scope of the Study 7
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms 9
1.9 Research Report Outline 10
CHAPTER TWO:
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Conceptual Model 11
2.3 Internal
Security (IS) of Eastern Nigeria and the Nigerian State 40
2.4 Causes of Internal Insecurity in Nigeria 68
2.5 National
Government’s Mechanisms of Internal Security
Provisioning (ISP) and
Internal Security Management (ISM) 72
2.6 The
Citizenry’s Means of Internal Security Provisioning (ISP) and
Internal Security Management (ISM) 109
2.7 Theoretical Framework 115
2.8 Gaps in Literature 133
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY (WT) AND PROLIFERATION OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS (SALW) IN NIGERIA 136
3.1 Introduction 136
3.2 Weapons Technology in Pre-independence Nigeria 136
3.3 Weapons Technology in Post-independence Nigeria 142
3.4 Evidences of Progress in Weapons’
Technology Development and
Circulation in the
Post-civil-war Years 150
3.5 Modes of Acquisition, Circulation, and
Application of Weapons
Technology in Nigeria 154
3.6 Implications of Advancement of Weapons
Technology and
Proliferation of Small Arms
and Light Weapons (SALW) for Internal
Security (IS) in Nigeria 158
CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY 164
4.1 Introduction 164
4.2 Research Design 164
4.3 Population 165
4.4 Samplesize and sampling Technique 166
4.5 Instrumentation 170
4.6 Reliability and Validity of Instrument 170
4.7 Data Collection Procedure 172
4.8 Method of Data Analysis 176
4.9 Ethical Considerations 179
4.10 Limitations of the Research Methodology 182
CHAPTER FIVE: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS, AND
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 183
5.1 Introduction 183
5.2 Data Presentation 183
5.3 Analysis of Field Data 209
5.4 Discussion of Findings 226
CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 238
6.1 Introduction 238
6.2 Summary 238
6.3 Conclusion 245
6.4 Recommendations 246
6.5 Contribution to Knowledge 249
6.6 Suggestions for Further Research 251
6.7 Limitation of the Study 251
REFERENCES 254
APPENDICES 278
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Post-independence
Evidences of the Use of IS-Ops in ISM in Nigeria 25
2.2 2006
to 2008 Annual Estimates of Rates of Occurrence of Homicides
and Suicides in
Nigeria 42
2.3 Statistics
of Occurrence of Armed Robbery, Kidnapping and other
Related Crimes
in Nigeria, 2000 to 2008 59
2.4 Various Attacks by the Boko Haram Sect, 2009-2012 60
2.5 Crime rates in
Nigeria, June 2006 to September 2015 66
2.6 Some
of Nigerian Government’s International Involvements in
Support of
Limitation of Proliferation of SALW in its Fourth Republic 79
2.7 Penalties against Contravention of the Provisions of Nigerian Firearms Act 102
3.1 Some Cases of Arrested Illegal Local Arms Producers across Nigeria, 2006 – 2011 148
3.2 Craft-produced Guns in Awka 154
3.3 Types of Weapons Technology in Nigeria, their
Grades, and Products 163
4.1 Study and Target Populations of the States in the Area of Study 166
4.2 State-based Geographical Sampling Frame of the Study 166
4.3 Town
and Village based Geographical Sampling Frame of the Study 167
4.4 Sampling
frame for human elements of the target population 169
4.5 Field Data for Test of Reliability 324
4.6 Model
Table for Presenting Statistics of Rate of Return of Questionnaire 177
5.1 Combined
Rate of Return of Copies of the Distributed Questionnaire 184
5.2 Rate
of Return of Valid Questionnaire Copies and Characteristics
of
the Respondents among the Internal Security Agencies of the States
in
the Area of Study 186
5.3 Rate
of Return of Valid Questionnaire Copies and Characteristicsofthe
Respondents
among the Locals of the States in the Area of Study 187
5.4 Combined
Bio Data on Age, Education, and Duration of Residence
of the Research
Participants in their Various Localities 188
5.5 The
Types of WT and Weapons that Exist in theArea of Study 285
5.6 How
the Available WT and Weapons are Acquired, Circulated, and
Used in the Area of Study 287
5.7 Traits/Peculiarities of the Local Craft-fabricators of Weapons in the Area of Study 292
5.8 Effects of Circulation of WT and Weapons on the State of IS in the Area of
Study 294
5.9 How
Nigerian Government Regulates Acquisition and Use of WTand
Weapons within
the Country 296
5.10 Challenges of Controlling the Circulation of Weapons and WT
alongside Their
Effects on Public Safety in the Area of Study 299
5.11 How the Identifiable Interplay(s) between Circulation of Weapons and WT can be Managed to Stem their Deleterious Consequences on the IS of the Area of
Study 304
5.12 The
Types of WT and Weapons that Exist in the Area of Study 309
5.13 How
the Available WT and Weapons are Acquired, Circulated, and
Used
in the Area of Study 311
5.14 Traits/Peculiarities of the Local Craft-fabricators of Weapons
in
the Area of
Study 314
5.15 Effects of Circulation of WT and Weapons on the State of IS
inthe
Area of Study 315
5.16 How Nigerian Government Regulates Acquisition and Use of WT and
Weapons within
the Country 316
5.17 Challenges of Controlling the Circulation of Weapons and WT
alongside Their
Effects on Public Safety in the Area of Study 318
5.18 How the Identifiable Interplay(s) between Circulation of Weapons and WT can be Managed to Stem their Deleterious Consequences on the IS of the Area of
Study 320
5.19 Data
on the Types of WT and Weapons that Exist in theArea of Study 199
5.20 Data on How the Available WT and Weapons are Acquired, Circulated, and Used in the Area of Study 200
5.21 Data on the Traits or Peculiarities of the Local
Craft-fabricators of
Weapons in the
Area of Study 200
5.22 Data on the Effects of Circulation of WT and Weapons on the State of IS in the Area of
Study 201
5.23 Data on How Nigerian Government Regulates Acquisition and Use of
WT and Weapons
within the Country 201
5.24 Data on the Challenges of Controlling the Circulation of WT and
Weaponsalongside
their Effects on Public Safety in the Area of Study 202
5.25 Data on How the Identifiable Interplays between Circulation of
WT
and Weapons can
be Managed to Stem their Deleterious Consequences
on the IS of the
Area of Study 203
5.26 Comprehensive Data from the Valid Questionnaire Copies Retrieved
from the Field 322
5.27 Summary of the Tests of the Contribution of
Illegal Local Craft-
Production of Weapons to Proliferation
of Weapons in Nigeria 225
5.28 Summary of the Tests of the Effects of WT on ISP in Nigeria 226
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Crime fatalities per state in 2016 66
2.2 Crime rates in Nigeria (homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, June 2006 and 31st June 2011) 68
APPENDICES
Appendix
I Informed
Consent Form
II Interview
Guide
III Questionnaire
for the Study
IV The Types of WT and Weapons
that Exist in the Area of Study
V How the Available WT and
Weapons are Acquired, Circulated, and Used in the Area of Study
VI Traits/Peculiarities of the
Local Craft-fabricators of Weapons in the Area of Study
VII Effects of Circulation of WT
and Weapons on the State of IS in the Area of Study
VIII How Nigerian Government
Regulates Acquisition and Use of WT and Weapons within the Country
IX Challenges of Controlling
the Circulation of Weapons and WT alongside their Effects on Public Safety in
the Area of Study
X How the Identifiable
Interplay(s) between Circulation of Weapons and WT can be Managed to Stem their
Deleterious Consequences on the IS of the Area of Study
XI The
Types of WT and Weapons that Exist in the Area of Study
XII How the Available WT and
Weapons are Acquired, Circulated, and Used in the Area of Study
XIII Traits/Peculiarities of the
Local Craft-fabricators of Weapons in the Area of Study
XIV Effects
of Circulation of WT and Weapons on the State of IS in the Area of Study
XV How
Nigerian Government Regulates Acquisition and Use of WT and Weapons within the
Country
XVI Challenges
of Controlling the Circulation of Weapons and WT alongside Their Effects on
Public Safety in the Area of Study
Appendix
XVII How
the Identifiable Interplay(s) between Circulation of Weapons and WT can be
Managed to Stem their Deleterious Consequences on the IS of the Area of Study
XVIII Comprehensive
Data from the Valid Questionnaire Copies Retrieved from the Field
XIX Field
Data for Test of Reliability
XX Relics
of the Products of the Biafran War Machine, 1967 – 1970
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study
Technical know-how for construction of weapons, either by means of
handcrafting or through industrial production, is the most significant cause of
massive availability and proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW)
in the world. The latter inversely
correlates with internal security (IS) of most countries. As weapons technologies (WTs) increase in
sophistication and circulation, so do the production and circulation of SALW
and their ammunitions to and fro “legitimate” and “illegitimate” handlers. Thus, development,
improvement, dispersal, and use of WTs have remained double-edged swords: The
resultant weapons often simultaneously provide security and insecurity, across
human societies. As weapons are used to
protect lives and properties, and to ensure safe environments for people to
live and function in, so are they sometimes used to destabilize the society,
making it unsafe for human habitation and functionality. The people in possession of WTs and their
products at any time often strongly determine the roles that WTs and weapons
play in the society: While “legitimate” possessors may use them to protect the
society and its elements, “illegitimate” possessors often use them to cause
havoc in the society (Okafor, Okeke & Aniche, 2012; Chuma-Okoro,
2011).
Since the earliest incidence of WTs and
crafting in human societies, weapons (especially SALW) have often been handled
by “legitimate” and “illegitimate” users.
All efforts made by state authorities to regulate possession and use of
WTs and weapons have often been tangibly undermined. In some societies, circulation of WTs and
weapons has been very minimal while in many others, it has been very severe (Edeko,
2011; Small Arms Survey, 2007).
With only a few countries (including but not limited to Britain, China,
and France) being able to reasonably control indiscriminate circulation of WTs
and weapons, only the said few have been able to achieve relative IS and peace
that is reasonable; such countries mainly include the developed countries of
the world. The developing countries like
most of the Asian and African countries often face lots of violent internal
conflicts and crises emanating from inadequate regulation of WTs and weapons (Edeko,
2011; Abdel-Fatau, 2004).
In this era of highly globalised world, the Internet and the
associated social media have often been
