THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCE IN NIGERIA: 2009-2013
Abstract
Book Haram figuratively implies that western for non-Islamic education is a sin, is a very controversial Nigeria militant group that seeks for the imposition of sharia law in the entire northern states of Nigeria. The hierarchical structure of the group is not presently well defined. The official name of the group id jamaiatu Ahlis sunna lidda ―awai waljihad, which in Arabic translate to ―people committed to the propagation of the prophet‘s teaching and jhad‖ literally therefore the group means ―Association of sunn‘s for the propagation of Islamic and for Holy war (jihad) and Islamized northern stats of Nigeria and probably conquer the entire country through jihad. So far, the group has been waging the war successfully in it area of stronghold. Book Haram made its presence known in 2004, in Yobe states, and by 2011, it made its presence known to the global community by bombing the United Nations Headquarters in Abuja, especially in the last two years, it has willfully attacked hundreds of buildings and killing many innocent Nigerians. In spite of the calamity the group has caused the government seems not to know how to clip the group‘s wings. In this research work, therefore, effort will be made to philosophically and legally appraise the group activities and its implications on Nigerian National integration. We will look at the socio-economic implication of the group in Nigeria economic development also the drive of the Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria and possible suggest solutions that will assist in curtailing their activities in Nigeria.
Chapter One: General Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Nigeria as a nation-state is under a sever internal socio-economic and security threat. As a more general level, the threat has social, economic, political and environmental dimensions. Each of these dimensions has greatly affected the nation‘s stability, and can be traced to the ethnic militia armies, ethnic and religious conflicts, poverty, terrorism, armed robbery, corruption, economic sabotage, and environmental degradation (Ilufoye, 2009).
Boko Haram insurgence becomes the major problem facing Nigerians in the recent time. These groups have perpetrated several bombing that have killed millions of innocent citizens of this country Nigeria and also caused the destruction of both private and public properties worth of billion of naira. This derives from their bid to make people in the north east geo-political zone of Nigeria to embrace their view on Islamic Nigeria code and western education.
The predominant threat and security challenges in the area are emendating from un-abating attacks on Nigerian citizens, individuals, public and governmental installations, kidnapping and destruction of properties. All these effect of Boko Haram activities are serious crime against the Nigeria state, which has threatened its national security and socio-economic activities. This has posed a great challenges to the ground strategy for national security of which the primary aim is ―to strengthen the federal republic of Nigeria to advance her interest and objectives, to contain instability, control
crime, quality of life of every citizens, improve the well fare and the eliminate corruption‖ (Damba-zau 2007:51)
Boko Haram activities, has destabilized socio-economic activities. Increased crime and destruction of both life and property of Nigerian citizens. This can be attested to by the mass movement of people living in northern part of the country most especially maiduguri, which is the capital of Borno State. This situation has made it impossible for the citizens in that part ―Northren‖ of Nigeria to carry on their legitimate businesses. It is also scaring foreign investors out of the country. Students have been forced to flee their schools. The gravity of the crisis has made some government to vow never to allow Nigerians students from their state to go to the Northern part of Nigeria for anything. Boko Haram activities also effected the posting of students of southern and eastern extradition on national youth service corps (NYSC) to the north, to the extent that parents are strongly resisting the posting of their children as copper to the north.
Boko Haram itself, is a fatal blow to the noble objective of the scheme as a unifying strategy, the unity of Nigerian is seriously threatened by Boko Haram fundamentalist sect and therefore, considered to be a major potential terrorist threat affecting Nigerian mostly on the part of socio-economic activities of the country.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Boko Haram activities was described by us intelligence agents in November 2011 ―as a local salafist group attacking Christians and local police stations with matchet and poison tipped arrows in Nigeria‘s northeastern Borno state. According to him:
Boko Haram is a way of thinking, it is politically driven, they are loosely organized grassroots insurrection against not only the Abuja government but the traditional Muslim establishment as well. (Campbell, 2011).
After nearly a decade of violence, Nigeria government still does not have an effective strategy for dismantling the group. The terrorist organization preys on the disillusioned Muslims of the north, who are fed up with corruption. And have few economic opportunities, Nigeria is a heterogeneous country divided by two religious beliefs aside traditional religion. The northern half of the country is almost completely Muslim (50 per cent of the total Nigerians population) and the southern half is mostly dominated by Christians (40 per cent of the total Nigerians population). Originating in the Muslim dominated northern region of the country, the movement other rejected everything deemed western. The activities of these groups ―Boko Haram‖ grew its ranks by taking advantages of the widespread anger in the north over the country‘s gap. In the north, 72 percent of the population
live below the poverty line, compared to only 22 percent in the southern part Christopher (Bartolta, 2011)
The political goal of Boko Haram sect is to create an Islamic nation in the twelve northern states of Nigerians, eventually, spreading to the rest of the country. From its inception Boko Haram viewed Nigeria as a state or a country running by non-believers and made the government its main target, ever when the country had a Muslim president.
Therefore, this research work seeks to find the following:
1. Is poverty inducing the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria?
2. Does the ―Boko Haram‖ insurgence have any socio-economic implication on Nigerians development?
3. Is dialogue a desideration to the Boko Haram menace in Nigeria?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objectives of the study are to examine the activities of the Boko Haram and its socio- economic implication on Nigeria‘s development. Using Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria as a case study. To achieve
this, specifically, this research work is designed to examine the following:
1. To determine if poverty is inducing the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria
2. To assess the socio-economic implication of Boko Haram insurgence on the nation.(Nigeria)
3. To determine if dialogue is a desideration to the Boko Haram menace in Nigeria
1.4 Literature Review
Literature review has to do with what other scholars and authors have contributed to this study so far. The term ―terrorism‖ refers to the systematic use of threat of violence to communicate to political massage rather than defeat an opponent, military force. Thus, the targets of terrorism are symbolic and the victims of terrorism represent a wider audience. To achieve a maximum shock effective, terrorist violence is usually dramatic and provocative.
Typically, small number of extremists who otherwise lack the capacity to challenge those in power resort to terrorism. A defining characteristics of terrorism is that its users expects rewards that are of proportionate to both the resources. They posses and the risk they assume:
Terrorism is furthermore strategies that are not restricted to any particular ideology (smlter and Beltes, 2001).
According to Reich 1998, as a strategy of resistance to the modem state, terrorism emerged some half century after the French revolution, when the term originated as a description of the state regime of terror. Russia revolutionaries and anarchist in French, Spain, Italy and German established terrorism as a central mechanism in attempt to over throw the established regimes, most of which were autocratic in the submission of Lain mclean terrorism as a pejorative term, also applies to the deeds of government of sovereign state. According to Lain Mclean, an term ―state sponsored terrorism‖, is often used to described the conduct of various government indirectly organizing or indirectly assisting perpetration of violence acts in other state. Lain Mclean argued that in recent time, many countries of divergent ideological persuasion have engaged in this kind of activities while in some cases strictly condemning others forms practices (Lain Mclean, 1996). Meanwhile, terrorism is a contested concept that resist precise definition. Since the term is both elastic and emotionally powerful, it lend itself to subjective interpretation driven by political rather than analytical purposes, it is also difficult to distinguish terrorism from other forms of violence. Such as, for example querilla warfare or criminal activities, if terrorism is defined in terms of the intension behind the action, is it possible to know those intension? What is the relationship between religion and terrorism, be non-combatants for example?. If so are attacks on security target act of terrorism?
Though, there is no official definition of terrorism agreed on through out the world, and definitions tend to rely heavily on who is doing the definition and for what purpose. Some definition focus on terrorist tactics to defined the term, while others focus on the actor. Ethnic separatist, violence in the 1930‘s provoked the League of Nations formed after world war 1 to encourage world stability and peace to defined terrorism for the first time as:
All criminal acts directed against a state and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the mind of particular persons or group of persons or the general public. (League of Nation convection definition of terrorism, 1937).
Therefore, bringing to our understanding that Boko Haram sect is pre-occupied with carrying out various degree of attacks on civilians, usually used by the powerless against powerful;
International terrorism interludes terrorists attacking a foreign targets other than within own country or abroad (Rurke 2008:316).
This means that September 11, 2011 attack was an international terrorism while one of the attacks by the Boko Haram sect such as the police stations attacks is a domestic terrorism. But it becomes complicated if the Boko Haram sect is still a domestic terrorism group despites it seeming connection with other international sect such as Hamas and Alqueda.
According to Claver (2002:302), he stated that terrorism is the use of force to impact fear with a view to bring about political, economic or social change‖ Recently, terrorism has been endemic in all parts of the countries in the world. Cleavert went on to explain that:
It is true, as is often repeated that man‘s terrorist is another is an extreme example of an essential contested concept and its preacher‘s finds to polarize at extent that renders it extremely difficult to return to normal politics (Claver, 2002:303).
Drawing from the above assertion, indicated how terrorism can lead to socio-economic underdevelopment of a country, though he was not elaborate, but it is worthy to appreciate his view that the practice of terrorism group makes the society difficult to return to normal politics. This can be deduced from the activities of the Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria which has been
destabilizing socio-economic activities in the northern part of the country.
Also terrorism are viewed from a complete different angel by many authors among also includes Heywood. In his own view, he explained three (3) dimensions of terrorism. According to him:
The term is highly controversial first the distinction or warfare is burred by the fact that the later may also aim to stake fear in to wider population, secondly, as the term is highly prerogative, it stands to be used selectively (one person‘s terrorist is another person‘s freedom fighter) thirdly, although terrorism is usually conceived as an anti-governmental activities, government can employ terror against their own or other population, as in the case of terrorism in the state (Heywood, 2007:382)
This assertion of Heywood brings to out mind that interregional terrorism can take different and many forms whatever means these activities are perpetrated, the contention of this research is that it directly leads to underdevelopment. This is especially in the areas of these states still batting with the problem of development.
Remarkable a very distant variant of terrorism is that of Mbah (2008:139) stated that:
Terrorism as a deialedt necessity as well as the product of globalization and the expression of it, and because this relations is a class relation, the relevant division is an antagonistic one, which creates contradictory class intersection.
This is a very sharp contribution to the issue of terrorism. But the fact is still that none of this authors have been able to point out or suggest that terrorism either domestic or international, direct or indirectly lead to underdevelopment:
Goldia et al 92005:201) stated that:
Government appeals hind to portray terrorism simply as criminal violence assaults on society that can not be justified as serving a political cause.
Terrorism, typically, it has a political objective that makes it a pervasive form of political conflict partied by indefinable modes of political leadership and participation. The above assertion tries to example the structures of the Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria. This is because, if it is believed that the group shuns the politics of the northern part of Nigeria and agitating for imposition of sharia law. Hence, while this version partly discuss the common modes of terrorist operation that occurs in democratic politics, we should be aware of the violence that can occur when democratic system breaks down
1.5 Significance of the Study
All individual lives in a world prone to crisis. No nation is free from crisis. Violence is now endemic in human relations. The global threat of terrorism respect no boundaries or borders. Nigeria is not free from these threat, emanating from Boko Haram activities. Therefore, the debating questions are:
1. What is the nature of this threat?
2. Have the security agencies handled the situation well?
3. What have gone wrong with the strategy employed
4. How should government respond responding to these recent terrist bombing?
5. Can militaristic approach without more work, work?
6. Are there lessons to be leant in the ways of other countries handles such threat‖
This research work will attempt to answer these questions, and build up relevant literatures on Islamist fundamental, and contributes to academic, professional and security at large as it enlightens, develops and inform citizens and government of the reoccurring activities of domestic terrorists and making of possible for policy makers to strategize measures to handle the conflict in Nigeria.
Beyond serving as an addition to already existing literature, it will serve as a practical guide for those in the field of criminal investigation departments, anti- terrorism or counter insurgence.
This study is thereby motivated by strong desire to contribute to the ranging dissolution its socio-economic implication on Nigeria‘s development. It is therefore, hoped that this study will be relevant and of benefits to the students and scholars of political science, history, intelligent and security studies and the society at large.
1.6 Theoretical Framework
According to Ohara (2003:63), knowledge does not exist in a vacuum. In every descriptive, there is a body of theories that provides the explanation for observable phenomena in that field. This section attempt to draw analogy between established theories and the problem being investigated where such analogies drawn even support the importance of the study. The theoretical requirement of this work is draw from frustration-aggression theory which I believe provided a detailed explanation for the emergence of ―Boko Haram‖ insurgence in Nigeria. The theory was propounded and developed by John Dollard and his research associates initially developed in 1939 and has been expanded and modified by school like Leonard Berlowitz (1962) and Audrey Yales (1962). The theory properly created the analogy used within this research to explain the dynamics in Boko Haram terrorism.
According to John Dollard (1939) he explained that it seems to be that most common explanation for violent behaviour stemmed from inability to fulfill needs. In attempts to explain aggression, scholars points to the difference between what people feel they want or deserve to what they actually gets the ―want get-ratio‖ (teocrabends 1969) and difference between ―expected need satisfaction‖ and actual need satisfaction (Davies, 1960). When expectation does not meet attainment the tendency is for people to confront those hold responsible for frustrating their ambitions. Therefore, frustration aggression provides that aggression is not just undertaking as a natural reaction or instinct as realist and biological theorist assumes but that is the outcome of frustration and that is in a situation where the desire of an individual is denied either directly or by the indirectly consequence of the way the society is structured, the feeling of disappointment may lead such a person to express his anger through violence that will be directed those he holds responsible or people who are directly or indirect related to them (Akwen, 2011:52-53).
As described by John Dollard, that most common explanation for violence behaviour is instability to fulfill needs. According to Bishop Mathew Hassan Kukah, states that ―Boko Haram terrorism is a product of bad government and corruption and therefore, fueled by politics (Mayor 2011). In Nigeria, approximately 76 percent of northern on less than one dollar per day. School are un- finance and the standard of education is so poor that graduate are often unfit for employment. The worst of it all is the Nigerian government poor responses to the northern desire on economic and security conditions which has fueled resentment, making many young men vulnerable to Boko Haram recrulters. People in the north are significantly marginalized and are not provided the same economic opportunities and benefits that the rest of the country enjoy (Ibid). The founder and also the leader of the group, Mohammad Yusuf argued that ―Western education or ―Boko‖ had brought nothing
but poverty and suffering to the region and was therefore, ―forbidden or Haram‖ in Islam (Reutrs, 2012).
This is the central government argument that led Robert Gurr‘s (1970) relative deprivation these addressed in saying that:
The greater the discrepancy, however marginal between what is sought and what seems attainable, the greater will be the chances that anger and violence will result (Ted, 1970).
A part from Nigeria government being corrupt in the year 1999, the police claimed down on Boko Haram members who were ignoring a law requiring motorcyclist to wear helmets. That sparked a furious back lash. Police stations and government offices in Borno state were burned to ground hundreds of citizens released in prison break, innocent citizens died on bomb explosion, public and private properties destroyed etc. as the violence spread across northern Nigeria.
The last stroke that broke the camel‘s back was the government and its army reacting with force, the leader of the Boko Haram group ‗Mohammed Yusuf‖ was captured and shot dead in police custody. Five days of fighting left more than 800 people dead (Morgan, 2011). In other words, the group remains fiercely anti-government and anti-authority, and resentful of the decades of corrupt, poor government that have improvise it home region (Ibid).
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