ABSTRACT
Waste
management in Enugu state has become ineffective in recent time. People often dump
their waste indiscriminately everywhere, thereby exposing the inhabitants of
the area to dangerous diseases due to the mess caused by the waste. It is
because of the above mentioned problem that this research project is carried
out. The purpose of this research project, the
Prospects and Challenges of Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA),
are: to identify the challenges encountered by ESWAMA in managing waste, to
evaluate the waste disposal systems of ESWAMA, and identify the effects of
waste disposal management on the environment and on the people’s health. The
data used in this study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources.
The population of the study was 209. Out of this number, a sample size of 137
was obtained, using Taro Yamane formula. The research instruments usedwere
questionnaire and interview guide. Descriptive research design was used in this
study. Chi-square statistical method was used to test the hypotheses. The findings from the study reveal that:
poor management and inadequate waste disposal facilities are the challenges
facing ESWAMA in managing wastes in Enugu; hog feeding, open dumping,
incineration, resources recovering, composition and pyrolysis are the waste
disposal systemof ESWAMA that helps it in managing waste effectively; the
identified positive effect of waste management in Enugu state had brought about
clean environment and better health condition of the people in Enugu state.
Based on the findings, the researcherconcluded
that although the use of waste disposal systemsby ESWAMA had contributed to
improvement in waste management in the state, and this has consequently brought
about clean environment and better health condition of the people, poor
management and insufficient waste disposal facilities still remain the major
challenges confronting ESWAMA negatively.The
researcherrecommended that: government should increase fund allocation to
ESWAMA, competent persons should be given managerial functions to perform and
corrupt people should be removed from the office. Strong internal control
should be put in place and monthly sanitation exercise should be kept, order to
sustain the clean environment and better health condition of the people.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval
page ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables ix
CHAPTER ONE:
- Introduction 1
- Background of the Study 1
- Statement of the problem 5
- Objectives of the study 5
1.4 Research questions 5
- Research hypotheses 6
- Scope of the study 7
- Limitations of the study 7
- Significance of the study 7
- Definition of operational terms 8
References 9
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 The concept of Waste 10
2.2Urban
waste management and sustainable development in Nigeria 11
2.3 Categories of waste 11
2.4 Waste management disposal systems 13
2.5 The major challenges confronting waste management 15
2.6 The prospects from Enugu State Waste Management Authority 17
2.7 Types and components of industrial wastes 18
2.8 Liquid effluent waste management on the environment 18
2.9 Impact of solid wastes on the environment 19
2.10 Sewage management and the diseases caused by inadequate
Sewage disposal 21
2.11 Theoretical framework 23
2.12 Empirical review 28
2.13 Summery of review of related literature 29
References 31
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Area of the study 33
3.2
Sources of data 33
3.3 Population and sample size determination 33
3.4 Description of research instruments used 34
3.5 Methods of data analysis 34
3.6 Validity of the research instruments used 35
3.7 Reliability of the research instruments used 35
References 36
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION
4.1 Analysis of questionnaire distributed and returned 38
4.2 Testing of hypotheses 47
CHAPTER FIVE:
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Findings 50
5.2 Conclusion 50
5.3 Recommendations 50
Bibliography 52
Appendix
55
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 2.2: Volumes of industrial solid waste in Enugu metropolis 19
Table 2.3: Effects of industrial solid waste on the environment 20
Table 2.4: Summery tables on industries, types of wastes
and contents & effects 21
Table 2.5 Classes of waste 25
Table 4.1 Questionnaire distributed, returned, and not returned 38
Table 4.2 Sex distribution of the respondents 39
Table 4.3 Educational qualification of the respondents 39
Table 4.4 Work experience of the respondents 40
Table 4.5. Responses on the
extent to which the identified challenges of ESWAMA influence waste management
in Enugu state 40
Table 4.6 Responses to the question on how waste disposal systems influence waste management in Enugu state 41
Table 4.7 Responses to the
question on the extent to which the identified effects of waste management in
Enugu state influence the environment and the peoples’ health 42
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Waste
generation and disposal, according to Flaomo (1995), are part of the functions
of any developing economy. Waste, both from domestic and commercial sources has
grown significantly in the society in the past decade. Each time an individual
shops at the store and open market, he contributes to the mountain of waste.
Production of waste amounts to millions of tons. The management of waste in
Nigeria in general and in Enugu state in particular has become a fundamental
issue that needs to be addressed in order to achieve desired success. The
problem of waste management is the deficient of proper and adequate policies,
plain legislation, and an environmentally stimulated and enlightened public.
Government policies on the environment are peace-meal where they exist, and
poorly implemented. Public enlightenment programmes lacked the needed courage,
intensity and continuity to correct a pathetic attitude towards the
environment. The Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment FMHE (1983),
observed that the activities of the environmental authorities have been
hampered by poor funding, inadequate facilities and human resources,
inappropriate technology. Successful waste management in Nigeria requires a
holistic programme that will integrate all the technical, economical,
socio-cultural and psychological factors that are often ignored in waste
management exercise.
However,
there is the need for everybody to join hands inmanagement of solid and liquid
waste in Enugu state through ensuring a clean and sustainable environment for
the good health and well-being of the people of the state.
Flaomo
(1995), further noted that “there is a clear need for current approach of waste
disposal that is focused on municipalities and uses high energy/ technology to
move towards waste processing and waste recycling. (This involves public –
private sectors partnership, aiming for eventual waste minimization and
prevention of the harmful effect of waste on man and the environment). The
system of waste salvaging, reclamation andrecyclingis fast gaining ground.
Environmental
sanitation,according to Mccabe (1961),is perhaps the most obvious element in
environmental management but is certainly not the most important. Its
significance lies in its effectiveness in raising and maintaining environment,
healthy and hygienic for the needs and standards of the present. Waste
generation and its management has become a major issue in urban areas in
Nigeria such as in Enugu city because of increasing gap between the prolific
level of generation and the limited technology and capacity of evacuation.
Mark, in (Satellite Newspaper of September 5, 1991:5), states that “a clean
environment is considered important by many Nigerians and this is the pillar
for government primary programmes on the need to achieve health for all by the
year 2000, together with the world health. There are still lapses here and there.
The objective gave rise to the need for environmental sanitation and its importance
to human existence as illness is no respecter of persons.
The
management of waste is a matter of national and international concern. The
urban areas experience continuous growth which contributes to enormous
generation of solid and liquid waste. There is no doubt that a dirty
environment affects the standard of living, aesthetic sensibilities, heath of
the people and thus the quality of their lives.The need for a healthy
environment is common to all people; it cuts across boundaries of occupation,
class and politics. Apparently some of these environmental problems could be
solved by providing a standard refuse disposal and drainage.
Managing
waste involves collection, keeping, treating and disposing of waste in such a
way that can make them not to be harmful to human beings and animals as well as
the ecology and environment (Adeniji, 1989). Waste management has become an
issue of great concern in Nigeria today. It looks as if the nation is losing the
battle against the harmful consequences of unguided waste and the attainment of
clean and healthy environment.
It
is common sight in Nigeria and in Enugu state in particular, to see heaps of
festering waste dumps in various parts of the city. Efforts have been made by
past and present administrations in the state to achieve sustainable waste
management in the state. These efforts led to the establishment of the waste
management agency known as Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA) in
2004. The agency was set up to replace the defunct Enugu State Environmental
Protection Agency (ENSEPA), which failed to meet the challenges of modern day
waste management.This repositioning is meant to enable it give better service
delivery and to restore the past glory of Enugu State as a very clean city
through better waste management.
ESWAMA
is empowered to develop and implement policies on the management of solid and
liquid wastes, which would promote the health and well- being of the people. The
responsibilities assigned to ESWAMA at inception included: evacuation and
prevention of refuse build-up, clearance of public markets of wastes, and
ensuring the cleanliness of major highways and streets. Others are: provision
of counseling to private refuse operators on waste management, establishment of
performance standards on waste management activities and identification of
sites for development of waste management (The Connect Africa Magazine, 22
October 2013). The residents of the city are required to pay approved
sanitation rate through approved banks in the city, whenever they receive
demand notices. Last Saturday of every month is designated by government as a
sanitation day in the state.
HISTORICAL
ORIGIN OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Historically, the problems of waste management were
made prominent during the industrial Revolution in Great Britain in 1845. Various
legislations concerning the management of waste and basic sanitation were
enacted in England in other to promote healthy environment and enhance Man’s
standard of living.
The waste management effort of Nigerian government
dates back to the colonial era, with the formation of Lagos Executive
Development Board of 1928, the creation of sanitation of Boards and task
forces, the creation of Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the
creation of National Orientation Agency (NOA), with a view to ensure better
standard of living of Nigerians. Over the past twenty years, Nigeria has
witnessed rapid economic growth. As we all know, “growth does not appear
everywhere at the same time; it manifests itself in points or poles of growth;
with variable terminal effects for the economy as a whole”. Perrout,(1950).
Certain regions of the nation therefor became better favored than others so
that as a consequence, there was tremendous urban growth with a shift in
development from rural to urban areas. This growth in population has given rise
to the rising mountains of garbage which now characterize most of our towns and
cities. Refuse collection and disposal have become the most glaring problem in
our urban area which had defied solutions by both military and the civilian
administrators since Nigeria’s independence. In fact, this problem with its
impacts on human life and property value in Nigeria has become increasingly
worse and, to the critical observer, not much would seem to have been achieved
in spite of huge investment of financial resources. Again the volume of waste
generated by the populace in any city, town or village is directly related to
the population density Falomo, (1995). Lagos is a case in point where
two-thirds of her gutters have become “open sesame for dumping grounds, and
defecation places. Many gutters in Mushin, Ajegunele, Idi Araba to mention only
notorious cases, are not cleared for years Osuji, (1994).
The mental attitude of our Urban dwellers also
constitutes a major constraints to the effective implementation of existing
waste management polices of government. Falomo (1995) identified two broad
categories of Nigeria Urban populace on the basis of their mental attitude viz.
the unconcerned elites who have an “out of sight, out of mind’ attitudes piles
of waste which they drive pass on the streets en-route their offices and the
ignorant poor who have an attitude of helpless resignation to living with the
filth. At the end, nobody does anything with regard to motivating the waste
disposal authorities into action and the problem therefore lingers on. Part of
the problem of or challenges of waste management in Nigeria Urban areas are due
to poor attitude exhibited by staff of the refuse disposal authorities. Many
people have often complained of having been compelled by law to remove waste
from drains, gutters and others from their general surroundings; only to find
the pile still constituting an eyesore two weeks later, or until the next rain
storm washes the pile rubbish back into the open drains. As a result, they have
chosen to be doing compulsory sanitation exercise conducted once a month. This
negligence on the part of the government authorities is seen in the case of
Lagos where in 1 980s, three fancy giant incinerators were built and nobody
seemed to know how to use them. The site of these incinerators at Isolo and
Oshodi-Oworonsoki has become traditional dump sites and no attempt is made for
further treatment of the wastes Osuji, (1994).
A disturbing matter about waste management problem is
that its effectiveness is mostly impacted on the poor urban dwellers. While the
affluent urban dwellers for instance are capable of insulating themselves from
the hazards of the environment by creating their own sanitized and comfortable
Micro-environment, which include but not limited to, fully air conditioned
home, clean, filtered and uninterrupted suppliers of drinking water, regular
collection of refused from their immediate surroundings, the poor masses are
allowed to live and die in an environment that by and large is the cause of
their early death.
Solid wastes have been a result of Man’s activities
from his earliest civilization, made more prominent during the industrial
revolution, intensified by technological developments of the twentieth century
and given political and economic exposure by the passage of the Solid Waste
Disposal Act of 1965. Solid wastes were given national attention with the
passage of the solid waste disposal Act by the 89th congress as Public Law. The
term “Solid waste” means refuse and other discarded solid materials, including
solid waste material, resulting from industrial, commercial, and agricultural
operations and from community activities, but does not include solids or
dissolved materials in domestic savage or other significant pollutants in waste
resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial waste
water effluent, dissolved materials, in irrigation return flows or other common
water pollutants.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
THE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF ENUGU STATE WASTE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (ESWAMA)
