TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Appendices xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 5
1.3 Objective
of the Study 6
1.4 Research
Questions 7
1.5 Hypotheses 7
1.6 Significance
of the Study 7
1.7 Scope
of the Study 8
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms 9
1.9 Chapter
Outlay of the Study 9
CHAPTER
TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction 10
2.1 Conceptual Model 10
2.1.1 Solid
Wastes 10
2.1.2 Health Implication of Solid Wastes 14
2.2 The Environment 15
2.3 Politics 19
2.4 Solid Waste Management 30
2.5 Urbanization and Solid Waste Management 56
2.6 Solid
waste management strategy of other nations – UK, US and India 58
2.7 Oyo
State 61
2.7.1 Solid waste challenges/management issues in Oyo state 63
2.7.2 Solid waste generation rates in Oyo state 64
2.8 Theoretical Framework 65
CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction ` 67
3.1 Research Design 67
3.2 Population 67
3.3 Sample size and sampling Technique 70
3.4 Methods of Data collection 71
3.5 Sources
of Data 71
3.6 Research Instrument 72
3.7 Validity and Reliability of research instrument 73
3.8 Method of Data analysis 74
3.9 Ethical Consideration 74
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction 76
4.1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents on
Demographic Variable 76
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions and Testing of the Hypotheses 78
4.3 Discussion of the findings on reasons why Local Governments in
Oyo
State are not able to effectively manage Solid Waste 80
4.4 Testing of the Hypotheses 90
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary 94
5.2 Conclusion 94
5.3 Recommendations 95
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge 99
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research 99
REFERENCES 96
APPENDICES 110
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1: Table showing Estimated and projected Solid waste generated in some cities in Nigeria 12
2.2: Table showing some ways that solid wastes can be recycled and reused 59
2.3: Local governments in Oyo State and their headquarters 68
3.1: Local governments in Oyo state, their headquarters, selected samples and sample sizes 74
3.5 Pilot Study (Reliability Study) 80
4.1.1: Distribution of
the respondents by age 82
4.1.2: Distribution
of the respondents by educational qualification 83
4.1.3: Distribution
of the respondents by gender 83
4.1.4: Distribution of the respondents by profession 83
4.2.1: Frequency distribution on reasons why local governments in Oyo state are not able to effectively
manage solid waste 85
4.2.2: Frequency distribution of social, economic, political and cultural factors affecting solid waste
management in Oyo state 87
4.2.3: Different ways by which solid waste management have been politicised in Oyo state 90
4.2.4: What are the effects of politicization of solid waste management on the residents of Oyo state 92
4.2.5: Ways by which solid waste management become effective in Oyo state 94
4.2.6: Relative effect of each of the independent variables (Economic factor, social factor, political factor and cultural factor) on the ineffectivenessof the Local Governments to manage Solid Waste 97
4.2.7 The joint contribution of the independent variables (Economic factor, Poitical factor and Cultural Factor) on the Effects of Politicisation of Solid Waste 99
4.2.8: Relationship between Politicisation and Ineffectiveness of Local government to manage solid
waste 100
4.2.9: There will be no significant relationship between Politicisation of Solid Waste Management and Ineffectiveness of Local Government to manage solid waste 100
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
1 Questionnaire 115
2 Informed Consent Form 118
3 Reliability test of the Study 119
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study
Human’s
existence is highly connected to the environment and the importance of the
environment cannot be overemphasised.
The environment has created a comfortable habitat for man through
science, technology, religion and politics.
Albeit the environment is a pre-requisite for good and sound health,
ignorance of humans to laws of nature and over-exploitation of natural
resources have negatively impacted on the environment. Factors such as overpopulation,
industrialisation, urbanisation, citizens’ life-style, rural-urban migration,
globalization, social development, unchecked technological advancement,
resources exploitation, intensive agriculture and lack of adherence to
environmental regulations have further aggravated the problems of the
environment (Ross, 2012).
One
of the dreadful consequences of population growth and urbanisation is the
problem of solid waste management. This is because, as population increases, so
does the unhealthy by-products, which are in form of solid, liquid and gaseous
wastes resulting from human’s activities. The issue of solid waste management
is a global concern and many nations, especially developing nations are
struggling to find permanent solution to the problem inherent in solid
wastes. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in
1992, at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, about
178 governments converged together and agreed that a more sustainable solid
waste management was needed in both developed and developing nations. The discussion centred on looking for ways to
minimise wastes, maximise reuse, recycling and promote sound environment with
ability to have a proper disposal and treatment system of solid wastes in all
nations of the world. Although many nations are making incredible efforts
towards achieving a proper solid waste management system and practice, not much
has been achieved in many developing nations even twenty four years after the
conference. Solid waste management still
remains a significant environmental challenge in many places in developing
countries and especially in Nigeria. In many parts of Nigeria, wastes are still
disposed in undesignated areas, open places, gutters, rivers, sometimes on road
medians causing environmental and public health problems (Bhatia, 2013).
Various
governments of the world, particularly developing countries are finding it
extremely difficult to have an effective solid waste management. This is
because so much garbage is still lying uncollected in the streets causing
inconveniences and environmental pollution resulting in serious health
risk. Many nations are beginning to
realise that the factors responsible for the low performance of solid waste
management are social, economic, political, technological and cultural. An
important factor which has been neglected in the issue of solid waste
management is political will and support from the three tiers of government.
The
indiscriminate littering and dumping of wastes among the people in many
developing countries is inimical to solid waste management and does have
negative effects on the environment. The aim of solid waste management is to prevent
or reduce the impact of waste on human health and local amenity and to maintain
cleanliness and public health of a community.
The
management of solid wastes has become not only one of the most challenging
environmental issues but also a serious political issue that has remained
unresolved in many parts of Nigeria. The
method of collection, transport, treatment and disposal of solid wastes is
relatively a difficult problem in many parts of the nation. Research bodies and
policy makers all over the world are concerned on what should be the best
approach to solid waste management since most efforts being made by
professionals in many cities, local governments, States and federal authorities
have proven unsuccessful.
The
extent to which waste management is effective and sustained depends greatly on
the system of governance and the nation’s political will and machinery. This
will range from the national, through State to the local governments. All tiers
of government is involved in the issue of solid waste management in formulating
laws and ordinances as requirements for the disposal of solid wastes and even
in the management of wastes.
Environmental issues are handled by the Ministry of Environment at the
federal and State levels and Environmental Health department at the local
government levels in Nigeria (Arinze, 2014).
As
observed by Ajani (2008), the methods adopted for solid waste management in
many places in Nigeria and in particular in Oyo State have not matched up with
the challenges of solid wastes, as wastes generation exceeds collection
capacity. Oyo State is part of the 36
States in Nigeria and has an estimated population of seven million people.
Governments at all levels in Oyo State have not been able to device adequate
plan or policies that will resolve the challenges of solid waste management and
it appears that Oyo State does not have a proper waste management scheme as
management of solid waste in every part of the State has been a great challenge
for decades. It is evident that solid waste
management in Oyo State is plagued with inefficient collection methods,
insufficient coverage of the collection system, improper disposal, lack of
institutional arrangement, insufficient financial resources, absence of bylaws
and standards, inappropriate technology, poor data information for planning,
wrong attitude of waste generators amongst others. These challenges are causing
serious health concern with significant environmental, social and health costs
in Nigeria and especially in many local governments of Oyo State, where there
are dumping of garbage by road sides, in rivers and many other open spaces
which facilitates breeding of disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes,
cockroaches, rats and other pests.
The
Oyo State governments have continued to make concerted efforts to curb the
challenges plaguing solid waste management sector in the State. In 1984, the
Federal government of Nigeria introduced the monthly sanitation exercise for
every last Saturday of every month to allow people take care of their
surroundings. The Oyo State government,
became part of the programme and the people of Oyo State were made to observe
the exercise while officials of the Ministry of Environment go out to monitor
the activities of the public.
Between
1988 and 1996, the Oyo State government implemented the Oyo State Urban
Rehabilitation Project which was a programme designed for: Channelization of
the Ogunpa river, establishment of the Ibadan Solid Waste Management Authority
and Rehabilitation and Urban renewal of Yemetu Aladorin, Mokola and Ogbere
rivers. Oyo State has a long history of
flooding as a result of solid waste management problems. Most of the flood disasters in the State have
been as a result of the indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in the Ogunpa and
other rivers in the State. Examples of
such floods are that of 1902, 1924, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1978 and the most
devastating
