SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
It is common knowledge within development circle that development involves a physical reality and a state of mind. Through development process, the interactions between social, economic and institutional processes must be continually sustained to meet up with increasing future demands in terms of population growth and continuous use of natural, human and material resources. It has been observed that changes in the integrated approach to social, economic and environmental issues have not really facilitated the developmental goals in Nigeria. For instance, problems such as poverty, flooding, ethnicity, environmental pollution corruption, attitudes and lopsided income distribution have been on the increase.
The Nigeria economy until the late 1960s relied on agricultural products for its foreign exchange alongside a few solid minerals. However, with the discovery of oil in abundance and following the boom in the oil industry in the 1970s, the other sectors that were predominant in economy notably; agriculture (blue economy) was abandoned (Adeyemi & Abiodun, 2013). Blue economy (ocean) activities are globally acknowledged to play a key role in the alleviation of extreme poverty and hunger through employment and other economic opportunities. This includes the supply of seagoing personnel and ship recycling, ship owning and operating, shipbuilding and repair and port services, among others. Nigeria is blessed with a coastline of about 870km and about 3,000 kilometers of inland waterways with varieties of natural resources including petroleum, natural gas, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, zinc, limestone, lead, and other minerals. The unpredictable and harsh implications of over-dependence on oil heightened the need and call to diversify the Nigerian economy from oil towards the direction of the blue economy. Proponents of an increase in the number of agricultural outputs think that the blue economy outputs have great capacities to stimulate the Niger Delta region and the Nigerian economy to the preferred growth and development. The blue economy is essential, not only to a wide array of biodiversity and ecosystems but also to the food chains, livelihoods and climate regulation for a human population heading towards nine billion individuals (Abdullahel, 2017).
The ocean (Blue economy) occupies about 75% of the Earth's surfaces and is home to more than half of all living things, which regularly makes a false impression that they are boundless resources. This prompts monstrous overexploitation and degradation, with an effect that comes to a long way past their shorelines. Ocean related issues are fundamental to a large portion of the Economic Development Goals and to the change towards the comprehensive green economy on which their sustainability depends. The complimentary "blue" component of that change known as the blue economy offers an inventive way to deal with monitoring the seas while receiving their rewards more impartially and sustainably.
Hoegh-Guldberg (2015) explained that it is increasingly obvious that without more sustainable management of the oceans, they, in turn, will be unable to sustain the population that depends on them. This is particularly true for the small island nations that are such a key part of the blue economy which the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is one. The potential linkage between the blue economy, sustainable development, and economic growth is recognized within the 2030 Agenda for property Development. SDG target14.7 focuses on enhancing the economic edges to Small Island Developing States (SIDS), water enclosed areas and Less Developed Countries (LDCs) just like the Niger Delta from the property use of marine resources, as well as through the sustainable management of fisheries, cultivation, tourism and business enterprise (UNCTAD, 2014). Niger Delta is at the forefront of the blue economy development, recognizing that oceans have a key role to play in humanity's future which the blue economy offers an approach to sustainable development higher suited to their circumstances, constraints, and challenges. The blue economy integrates an innovative approach to the economic exploitation of the resources of oceans, lakes, rivers and different bodies of water. The idea seeks to market economic growth, social inclusion, and preservation or improvement of livelihoods whereas at identical time guaranteeing environmental sustainability. At its core, it refers to the decoupling of socioeconomic development through ocean-related sectors and activities from environmental and ecosystem degradation. It was on this backdrop that this study intends to explore the blue economy and the national economy since it presents the idea of the blue economy and investigates how nations like Nigeria and the Niger Delta region can benefit through it, in this manner the occupations and development of individuals living on waterfront territories and islands.
The oil boom era of the 1970s saw the downward plunge of the agricultural sector. There was a complete paradigm shift from the nation's then agrarian culture to oil driven culture, moving ultimately from renewable natural resources to un-renewable resource trade. From the 70s through to the early 80s we witnessed a drastic drop in local food production. Importation rates of foods and finished products increased dramatically and our foreign debt escalated rapidly, bringing the economy to a crisis. During this period, from 1958 to 1983, we have recorded $101 billion in estimated oil revenue earnings.
In a country where agricultural accounts for about 40% of GDP and oil production and exports (exporting over 2 million barrels/day) ranks 6 worldwide, government's management structure and environmental action plan is essential to maintain balance and reduce abuse. The question here is what has been the role of the Nigerian government in the management of its natural resources? To attempt an answer, one can say that even though the legal framework and institutional structure for natural resources management is firmly established, it still lacks the strength and drive which natural resource management deserves. Management structure at best is fragmentary, and there exists similar government agencies carrying out the same functions, often times leading to conflict between government agencies and stakeholders. Oil was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 at Olobiri in the Niger Delta after half a century of exploration. The discovery was made by Shell-BP, at the time sole concessionaire. Nigeria joined the ranks of oil producers in 1958 when its first oil field came on stream producing 5,100 bpd. After 1960, exploration rights in onshore and offshore areas adjoining the Niger Delta were extended to other foreign companies. In 1965, the EA field as discovered by Shell in shallow water Southeast of Warri.
In 1970, the end of the Biafran war coincided with the rise in the world oil price, and Nigeria was able to reap instant riches from its oil production. Nigeria joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) in 1971 and established the Nigerian National' Petroleum Companies (NNPC) in 1977; a state owned and controlled company, which is a major player in both the upstream and downstream sectors.
The role of the Nigerian Government in the oil industry has, over time, evolved from regulatory and supervisory nature to direct involvement in oil exploration and development. Government's initial interest was mainly in the collection, of royalties and other dues from the oil companies, and in the making of statutory laws that regulated the activities of the oil industry. The lack of direct involvement in the early days can be attributed to the relatively insignificant contribution of oil revenues played within the overall economy before the late sixties. The absence of the locally trained personnel and expertise was another factor preventing the government's direct participation oil industry activities.
By 1971, however, oil revenues had become very important to the economy. To strength and establish government control In the industry, the Nigerian National Oil Corporation (NNOC) was established" by decree in 1971 as an integrated oil company. It was also in that year that Nigeria joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as the 1 1 member. It was believed that if government had snore say in running of tile oil industry, it could achieve its goals of rapid industrial and commercial development. Today, government participation stands at 55% in Shell and 60% in Chevron Texaco, Exxon Mobil, Agip, Elf and Pan Ocean.
Nigeria's latest experiment with democracy has not scientifically assuaged the grievances among ethnic communities of the Niger Delta. The democratic system inaugurated in 1999 has allowed for the election of representatives at the local, state; and national levels, and the constitution increases the share of oil revenues allotted to the communities of the Delta. President Obasanjo's government also created a Niger Delta Development Commission (NNDC) to oversee economic development in the region. Yet the restiveness of the oil producing communities has not abated, as evident in continual hostage taking of oil company employees, sabotage of petroleum facilities, and periodic clashes with government security forces.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The low capacity utilization of Nigeria's state-owned refineries and petrochemicals plants in Kaduna, Port Harcourt and Warri, the sorry state of despair, neglect, and repeated vandalisation of the state-ran petroleum product pipelines and oil movement infrastructure nationwide, the collateral damage of institutionalized corruption, with the frightening emergence of a local nouveau riche oil mafia that controls, and coordinates crude oil, and refined petroleum products pipelines sabotage, and theft ("illegal bunking") nationwide, the insatiably corrupt military Task Force operatives that assist diversions of both crude oil and petroleum products, and large-scale crossborder smuggling of petroleum products, all of which are the root causes of the protracted, and seemingly intractable severe fuel crises that have bedeviled the country relentlessly, for close to a decade now, are all predictable outcomes of government involvement in the downstream sector of the Nigerian Petroleum industry, over the past quarter of a country.
The oil companies make up the largest industry in the Niger Delta region. Despite this, unemployment levels are still high, especially in the rural areas where oil and gas reserves exist. In this region exist oil well reserves (17.9 barrels) and gas wells (3.4 trillion m3),contributing about 80% of federal government revenue.
Despite this vast coastal wealth, GNI per capita is below the national average of US$280. Pollution of coastal corridor and wetlands is a recurrent disaster. Gas flaring has become a notorious pollutant of the local communities of the Delta. Oil spills and gas flaring has destroyed whole fishing communities, reducing needed fishery resources, terrestrial vegetations and compromising the health of local people in and around oil installations.
Nigeria's resources base includes a vast network of rivers, floodplains and a rich rainforest network, with vast deposits of minerals. However, about 95% of natural forest cover has been last lost to deforestation, leaving 5% contained in the Southeast region. While dams upstream are a constant headache and threat to the rich coastal biodiversity, deforestation ravages the teeming rainforest ecosystem.
1.3 THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to examine the impact of environmental resources on sustainableeconomic development in Nigeria with particular reference to Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). Specifically the study will seeks to:
(a) Find out the extent to which the activities of oil exploitation have affected the Nigeria society.
(b) Examine the various government acts, decrees, policies and regulations on environmental protection and their participating interest in the operations of the company in the event or a successful exploration effort.
(c) To analyze the contribution of NNPC toward the development of the Niger-Delta vis-a-vis infrastructure, education, health etc and the way and manner the wealth and resources from the region IS being distributed.
(d) Finally, the Study aims at making suggestions and recommendations that will help in providing lasting solution to the Delta's renewable natural resources that are being exploited in unsustainable ways and also to stop hostage-taking and conflict in Niger Delta.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Therefore, the statement of problems is stated below by finding answers to the following questions:
a. What are the impacts of environmental resources on sustainable economic growth in Nigeria?
b. What are the various government acts, decrees, policies and regulations on environmental protection and their participating interest in the operations of the company in the event of a successful exploration effort?
c. What are the contributions of NNPC toward the development of the Niger-Delta vis-a-vis infrastructure, education, health etc and the way and manner the wealth and resources from the region is being distributed.
d. What are the suggestions and recommendations that will help in providing lasting solution to the Delta's renewable natural resources that are being exploited in unsustainable ways and also to stop hostage-taking and conflict in Niger Delta?
1.5 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following are the research hypothesis for the study:
Hypothesis 1
Ho: There is no significant relationship between environmental resources and sustainable economic growth.
H1: There is significant relationship between environmental resources and sustainable economic growth.
Hypothesis II
Ho: There is no significant relationship between government acts, decrees, policies and regulations on environmental protection and their participating interest in the operations of the company in the event of a successful exploration effort.
H1: There is significant relationship between government acts, decrees, policies and regulations on environmental protection and their participating interest in the operations of the company in the event of a successful exploration effort.
Hypothesis III
Ho: There is no significant relationship between sustainable environment and contributions of NNPC toward the development of the Niger-Delta.
H1: There is significant relationship between sustainable environment and contributions of NNPC toward the development of the Niger-Delta.
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The method of data analysis that will be adopted in this study is mainly regression analysis, which shows the relationship between environmental resources/community developments strategies include; industrial development, energy development and health care services delivery.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Profitability of business at the tailed end of the downstream sector would be dictated mainly by economies of scales only the big players in the petroleum product marketing subsector would survive. Looking at the continuing contribution of tile petroleum sector on the economy in term of output, employment generation, self-sufficient and so on, there is no doubt that effective policies or providing enabling environment for downstream sector will be strong factor determining their performance in terms of stability, profitability and satisfaction on the consumer. This study therefore serves as an avenue for analyzing the sustainable use of petroleum sector for enhanced growth in the Nigeria economy.
1.8 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study examined the sustainable use of environmental resources with the particular reference to Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation. A glaring limitation of the company.
Nevertheless, the situation is brought under control by relying heavily on data collected from the website of the NNPC and petroleum companies in Nigeria. Tile researcher faced with some problem while caring out this research work such as time constrain, non availability of data, finance, logistic problems and etc.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Natural Resources: A supply of something that a country and organization or a person has and can use especially to increase wealth.
Industrialization: The people and the activities involved in producing a particular thing, or in providing a particular service.
Urbanization: Having a lot of towns, streets, factories etc rather than countryside.
Sustainable: Involving the use of natural products and enough in a way that does not harm the environment
Economic: Is the process by which national income of output is increased Economic development: Is the process of increasing real per capita income and engineering substantial positive transformation in the various sectors of the economy.
Hostage: Act of captured person and held prisoner by a person or group, who may be injured or killed if people do not do what the group is asking. Refineries: Factory where a substance such as oil is Refined (made pure).
Oil: A form of petroleum that is used as fuel and to make parts of machines more smoothly.
Unemployment: The number of people without a job
Deforestation: The act of cutting down or burning the trees in all area.
Ecosystem: All the plants and living creatures in a particular area considered in relation to their physical environment.
Oil Exploitation: searching for oil in the ground
Infrastructure: The basic system and services that is necessary for a country or an organization to run smoothly
Education: A process of teaching, training and learning, especially in schools on colleges to improve knowledge and develop skills
Health Care: The service of providing medical care
Energy: - Ability to put effort and enthusiasm into an activity, work etc.
1.10 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work will be divided into five different chapters.
Chapter One: Consists of historical background of the study, introduction of the research work, statement of the problem, aims and objectives of the study, research questions, research hypothesis, research methodology, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study, definition of terms, plan of the study.
Chapter Two: Is always the literature review.
Chapter Three: Itconsists
