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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education is an important aspect of economic development. When citizens of a country are educated that is a
key to social, economic and political stability (Ojiambo, 2009). The Kenya government has considerably
invested in education which is evidenced by the free primary education and the free day secondary education
(Ojiambo, 2009). The main purpose of education is to transmit wisdom and knowledge from one generation to
another, this prepares young people to become members of the society, maintaining it and developing it.
Education also has positive influence on population, health nutrition and also increases value and efficiency for
labour (Kising‟u, 2012). The unemployment problems facing the country can best be addressed through
equipping the young people with skills that can lead to self employment, the curriculum should equip the
learners with entrepreneural skills, and this indicates the importance of Commerce/ marketing in the school
curriculum.
Commerce means all the activities which start from production and end at consumption. The system includes
legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that are in operation in any country or
internationally. It is an exchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale between different
countries (foreign commerce) or between different parts of the same country (domestic commerce) trade;
business. Also, it's activities that relate to the buying and selling of goods and services. Marketing deals with the
management process through which goods and services from producer to the customer.
Nigeria like any other developing country has witnessed series of political instability with obvious effects on
educational policies at federal and state government levels. This gradually laid the foundation of fallen standard
in education at secondary school level, which caused differences in academic achievement of students. In the
quest of survival, the nation evolvement service for socio-economic and educational measures has not improved
the socio-economic status of families influencing students’ academic achievement in Nigeria. According to
Olotu (1994), in the quest of finding survival, the nation has evolved service of socio-economic and educational
measures and policies such as Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP), Austerity Measures, Universal Basic
Education (UBE) and devaluation of the Naira. These measures have not improved the socio-economic and
educational status of families in the country. They have rather increased their sufferings and widened the socioeconomic
gap between families.
Over the years, assessments of factors that influence academic achievement in senior secondary physics educatio
student have attracted the interest and concern of many researchers, teachers, parents and national leaders. It is a
well known fact that student achievement in academic activities vary, some physics students perform better than
the other, many discouraged students feel that the length of their student career would be limited by their
finances, rather than by their academic ability, this affects them psychologically which affects their academic
achievement eventually. In some cases, particularly males, they are easily affected by peer group pressure to
whom secondary education may be unimportant.
Effective teaching and learning is affected by some factors, such as admission points, social economic status,
family and school background. Geiser and Santelices (2007), Acato (2006), and Swart (1999) all argue that
admission points which are a reflection of the previous performance influence future learning ability of students.
Considine and Zappala (2002) argue that families where the parents are advantaged socially, educationally and
economically foster a high level of achievement in their children. Sociocultural approaches to the process of
learning are increasingly being applied by educationalists. Sociocultural theorists argue that individuals cannot
be considered in isolation from their social and historical context and therefore it is necessary to look at the
society and the developments occurring at a given time. Two principal agencies, the family and the school
powerfully shape children’s learning experiences.
The influence of these two agencies is constrained by the
wider social and cultural systems into which they are embedded. There is great diversity in cultural
backgrounds, social conditions, family arrangements and school organization. These two factors have been
going through constant modifications. The relationship between family socio-economic status and the learning
outcomes of students is well established in sociological research. While there is disagreement over how best to
measure social factors, most studies indicate that students from low social status families do not perform as well
as they potentially could at school compared to students from socially high background (Graetz, 1995). Most
studies, however, compare students from across all social backgrounds to reach the conclusion that low social
status adversely affects a range of teaching and learning outcomes.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
One of the factors that has great effect on teaching and learning is social factors, such as background,
environment. Therefore, there is need to research the social factors that affect effective teaching and learning of
Commerce/ marketing in senior secondary schools in Abuja. And find a way to deal with them.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study is to research the social factors affecting effective teaching and learning of
Commerce/Marketing in senior secondary schools in Abuja.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What is the definition of Commerce?
What are factors affecting effective teaching and learning of Commerce/ marketing in senior secondary school,
Abuja?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help in identifying and examining social factors affecting effective teaching and learning of
Commerce/ marketing in senior secondary school, Abuja.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study focus on social factors affecting effective teaching and learning of
Commerce/ marketing in senior secondary school, Abuja.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to the teaching and learning of Commerce/ marketing in Senior secondary school, Abuja.
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