REDUCING RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION THROUGH LOCAL ECONOMIC
ABSTRACT
There have been several attempts by governmental and non-governmental interventions to bridge the gap. This has created a net migration of Middle belt youth to the South for menial jobs. The movement of people to urban centres poses some challenges to the development of rural areas in that in most rural areas, the impact of rural-urban migration is the rapid deterioration of the rural economy which then leads to poverty and food insecurity. The 1992 constitution empowers the District Assemblies to provide governance at the local level, especially in communities, and to help in the economic development of the people by formulating and implementing strategic plans to bring about total economic development in their various Districts. Promoting the welfare of rural people is at the heart of the local government. One of the key components of the National Decentralization Policy and Action Plan is that it providesfor district assemblies to facilitate economic development at the local level.is Local Economic Development (LED). This study attempts to identify various ways LED can contribute to reducing the North-South migration in Nigeria using the Tarka community in the Central Gonja District of the Middle belt Region of Nigeria as a case study. One hundred questionnaires were administered in the community while for the community youth leader, the Regional planning office, and the district planning office in- depth interview were conducted. Results show generally that the concept of LED has not caught on well with the district assembly. However, respondent were of the view that if LED was fully implemented rural-urban migration is likely to reduce considerably. It was recommended that the Government speeds up implementation of the SADA programme and also build the capacities of district assembly staff on LED.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
There has been an increased migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of greener pastures. These urban economies however do not have the capacity to absorb and retain the continued inflows of migrants, either skilled or unskilled labour. This leads to the depopulation of rural settlements. It is usually the economically active the in rural areas that migrate out thereby increasing the poverty levels of those left behind.(Adepoju, 2010).
The decision to migrate in rural areas is usually influenced by push and pull factors. The pull factors attract migrants to urban centers whilethe push factors force them out of their communities of origin. These factorsare influenced by the strength of the local economy.The availability of jobs and social amenities act as pull factor in urban center while the lack or inadequacy of these act as push factors in rural communities (de Haas, 2008).For instance, the absence of a rural credit market could push people to migrate toprovide remittances in order to overcome the rural credit constraints and to finance rural productive investments (Katz and Stark, 1986). Rural to urban migrations could have a negative impact on rural areas by removing workers from productive rural economic activities. Rural-urban migration also has negativesocial consequences such as the deterioration of family, community structures and norms.
In post-independent Nigeria, there has been considerable growth of the urban population due largely to increased movement of populations from rural to urban areas (Centre for Migration Studies, 2011).
In Nigeria, rural areasare usually characterized by limited health and educational facilities, small industrial output, limited economic opportunities and poverty, especially non- agricultural employment.
These conditions usually motivate rural folks to migrate to towns and cities in search ofgreener pastures. Therefore, one significant way to stem the flow of rural-urban migration is to see to the development of rural areas (Nasiru, 1997)
Rural areas fall within the jurisdiction of district assemblies and hence the district assembly in Nigeria has the ultimate task of promoting economic development at the local level.
The government of Nigeria shared Growth Development Agenda 2012-2013 plans indicated that it is developing special initiatives such as the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) as a way of contributing to the improvement in infrastructure, especially at the local level. This is expected to lead to the creation of new economic poles especially in the rural areas. The initiative would enhance employment creation and income generation activities, which in the long term would contribute to the reduction of social, spatial and economic inequalities as well as rural-urban migration.
Government recognises the weak employment generation capabilities at the district level and intends to, as a policy objective, mainstream the concept of local economic development planning at the district level. The strategy as stated earlier is to provide support in order to facilitate, develop and implement employment programmes at the local level based on natural resource endowments and competitive advantage (GSGDA, 2010:195)
Local Economic Development (LED) is a process that seeks to forge partnerships between local government and the private sector to stimulate investments that will eventually promote sustained high growth in a local community (National LED Policy, 2012).
LED focuses on the community‟s comparative advantage such that it reaches its potential in relation to new market opportunities, and reduces obstacles to business expansion and creation (Internet Source: USAID website, accessed on 1st July, 2013)). Local Economic Development in the rural areas would help create new jobs, help communities retain existing jobs, and thus reduce rural-urban migration.
The present study examined the economic opportunities in rural areas that can be developed by promoting LED activities, which would help reduce the out-migration of rural dwellers in the Tarka Local government area to Makurdi.
1.2 Problem Statement
Despite the provision in the constitution that seeks to bring decision making and development to the doorsteps of the populace, problems such as underemployment, poor infrastructure, economic and other socio-cultural factors still persist in the localities contributing to migration of rural folks to the urban centres in search for better economic opportunities.
The lack of effective participation in local governance has resulted in the increased disparity of socio-economic development and infrastructure between urban and rural Nigeria. The economic gap has therefore necessitated efforts by various governmental and non- governmental organizations, private sector operatives and international developmental partners to promote and improve the socio-economic wellbeing of rural people through
various development strategies.
There have been studies on the effects of rural-urban migration on the livelihoods of rural individuals with much focus on remittances and peasant agriculture (Lucas, 2007). Some have also written on the effect rural-urban migration on urban areas including the growth of slums and the pressure on the limited urban social amenities and infrastructure.
However, few studies looked at how the local economic development approach and principles can be used to reduce rural-urban migration.It is in this vein that the present study employed the LED approach to explain how rural-urban migration can be reduced in Tarka. Tarka is a deprived community in the Middle belt Region of Nigeria.
1.3 Research objectives
To find out the causes and effects of rural-urban migration in Tarka
To outline which district assembly programmes and policies would enhance the economic wellbeing of the Tarka community
To find out the current state and level of implementation of the identified LED programmes and activities in Tarka
To find out how LED initiative can reduce the rural urban migration in Tarka
1.4 Research Questions
This study sought to answer the following research questions:
What are the possible causes and effects of rural-urban migration inTarka?
Which district assembly programmes/policies would enhance the economic well being of communities in Tarka
What is the current state and level of implementation of the identified LED
programs and activities in Tarka?
How can local economic development initiatives reduce rural-urban migration in Tarka?
