PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF COMPOSITE BREAD FOR MANAGEMENT OF TYPE II DIABETIC PATIENTS IN YUSUF DANTSOHO MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, KADUNA, NIGERIA

PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF COMPOSITE BREAD FOR MANAGEMENT OF TYPE II DIABETIC PATIENTS IN YUSUF DANTSOHO MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, KADUNA, NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0         INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increase thirst and increased hunger (Passmore,1989). If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced (Passmore,1989).There are four main types of DM.Type 1 DM results from the pancreas failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as “insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile “diabetes” (Passmore,1989). Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop. This form was previously referred to as “non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus” (NIDDM) or “adult – on set diabetes.” The primary cause is excessive body weight and no enough exercise (Passmore,1989).

Gestational diabetes, is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels. Malnutrition related diabetes which occur due to protein energy malnutrition and also found in patient with history of childhood malnutrition due to poor socio-economic status. As of 2014, an estimated 387 million people have diabetes worldwide, with type 2 DM making up about 90% of the cases. (W.H.O, 2014) This represents 8.3% of the adult population, with equal rates in both women and men from 2012 to 2014, diabetes is estimated to have resulted in 1.5 to 4.9 million deaths each year. The number of people with diabetes hasbeenforecasted to increase to 592million by 2035 (W.H.O, 2015). DMis a significant contribution to medical morbidity and mortality risk worldwide. Many factors are involved in the etiology of DM.

PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF COMPOSITE BREAD FOR MANAGEMENT OF TYPE II DIABETIC PATIENTS IN YUSUF DANTSOHO MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, KADUNA, NIGERIA