PORT SECURITY-THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES
Table of contents
- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 8
- Background……………………………………………………………… 8
- Problem Discussion……………………………………………………. 9
- Research Objectives……………………………………………………. 9
- Research Question……………………………………………………… 9
- Delimitation…………………………………………………………….. 10
- Thesis Chapter Structure…………………………………………… 10
- The Theory………………………………………………………………………. 10
- Security Regulations and Requirements.. for Ships and Ports 10
- International Ships and Ports Facility Security (ISPS) Code 12
- Critiques of current Maritime Security Measures and Approach 14
- Port Security threats…………………………………………………. 20
- Terrorism 21
- Criminal Activities…………………………………………………………………………….. 21
- Cargo theft 21
- Extortion 21
- Trafficking 22
- Corruption 22
- Stowaway 23
- Human factor as a threat…………………………………………………………………….. 26
- Economic Espionage………………………………………………………………. 30
2.4.10Poorly train security personnel…………………………. 30
- Ports, Ships and Supply Chain Vulnerabilities…………….. 30
- The Three Critical Flow Of International Trade Cargo……………………………. 31
- Place and Process……………………………………………………….. 31
- Actors in the logistics chain…………………………………………. 32
- The flow of information/money: bill of exchange…………….. 33
- Supply chain security and its impact on….. ports operations 34
- Security and it potential impact on the competitiveness of the port 36
- Benefits of making security an enabler………………………… 37
- Research Methodology………………………………………………………. 38
- Research strategy……………………………………………………… 38
- Reseach Process……………………………………………………….. 38
- Process of Data collection………………………………………….. 39
- Primary Research…………………………………………………………………………….. 39
- Questionnnaire…………………………………………………………… 39
- Interview……………………………………………………………………. 40
- Observation……………………………………………………………….. 40
- Informal Discussions…………………………………………………… 41
- Secondary Data Research ………………………………………………………………. 41
- Data Collection …………………………………………………………. 41
- Data Analysis …………………………………………………………… 42
4 Case Company -Nigeria Port……………………………………………….. 42
- Analysis of Existing Security Measures based on media publications and the reports from various international organisations ………………………….. 44
- Security Measures: Identity and Credential Verification 44
- Security Measures:………………………. Physical Security 44
- Security Measures:………………….. Illicit Use of the Port….. 46
- Security Measures: Supply Chain and Cargo Security 47
- Terrorism and Tarkoradi Port………………………………………………………… 47
- Port Of Helsinki…………………………………………………………………………….. 48
- Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 48
- The current Picture of the security at the port 49
- Recommendations……………………………………………………. 52
- Preventing Theft And Other Criminal Activities…… 52
- Extensive or Adequate education on ISPS Code….. 52
- Training, Drill And Exercises……………………………. 52
- Stowaway………………………………………………………. 53
- Controlling Illicit Drug Trafficking …………………… 53
- Ensuring Integrity and Countering Corruption …… 54
- Cost………………………………………………………………. 54
- Future research ………………………………………………………. 55
References…………………………………………………………………………… 56
Figures ………………………………………………………………………………. 65
Tables ……………………………………………………………………………….. 66
Appendixes ……………………………………………………………………….. 67
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
AIS Automatic Identification Systems
BNI Bureau of National Investigations
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CSI Container Security Initiatives
CEPS Custom Excise and Preventive Services
C-TPAT Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EUAEO European Union’s Authorized Economic Operators
GIFF Nigeria Institute of Freight Forwarders
GMDSS Global Maritime Safety and Distress Systems
GPHA Nigeria Ports and Harbours Authority
GRA Nigeria Revenue Authority
IAPH International Association of Ports and Harbours
ILO International Labour Organization
ISO International Standard Organizations
ISPS International Ships and Port Facility Security
IMO International Maritime Organization
IMOC International Maritime Organization Convention
LOSC United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea
MTSA Maritime Transportation Security Act 2002
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
PFSP Port Facility Security Plan
SAFE Port Act 2006 Security and Accountability for Every port Act 2006
SLOC Sea Lines of Communication
SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea
SUA Suppression of Unlawful Act
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
VTMIS Vessel Traffic Management Information System
WCO World Custom Organization
CHAPTER ONE
This section of the study presents a brief outline of the research, the problem and objective of the research. It goes further to explain research questions, delimitation and structure of the study.
1.2 Background of Study
Thomas Friedman (2007,8) described in his book entitled, “The world is Flat”, that the interconnected global economy enabled by advances in Information and Communications Technology and other factors that he terms “Flatteners”, does not only empowers the software writers and the computer geeks to collaborate on the work in the flat world, but also AL Qaeda and other terrorist networks. The playing field is not being levelled only in ways that draw in, and super empower a whole new group of innovators, but also a whole new group of angry, frustrated, and humiliated men and women”. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, Paris: July 2003) reported, “The world pattern for global prosperity has been predicated on near-frictionless transport and trade.” Seaport is a crucial component of the world economy and global transportation infrastructure, Nevertheless generally there hasn’t been a comprehensive governmental regulation and security oversight. The terrorist attacks of 11th September 2001 that collapsed the World Trade Centre and Pentagon in the United States, has significantly impacted multitude of sectors internationally. The tragic incident has brought radical change in the maritime industry. One of the major elements that arose in the response to that attack was the approach to security. This change led to change in the manner in which security is being conducted and practiced, due to the numbers security measures, rules as well as regulation to avoid such incident in the future. International Maritime Organization (IMO) and U.S have implemented several measures after the tragic event, for the purpose of heightening the security of maritime business. For instance, International Ships and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, was ratified by International Maritime Organization in 2002, and called on every member states to apply the code by 2004. The Maritime Transportation Security Act 2002(MTSA) and the Security and Accountability for Every port Act 2006(SAFE Port 2006) by United State was designed to improve national maritime security though, these two Act have international elements planned to strengthen security of the facilities by which Goods destined to United State are travelled. The main focuses were on the vulnerabilities of the ships and the port facilities, which could be exploited by the terrorist and other criminals. Though the current security measures have enhanced some aspects of security at Nigeria port, yet some of the vulnerabilities, which are crucial, still hang out. The current regime has made security at the port very rigorous, for instance strict measures regarding containerized cargo. Port security measures could be infiltrated by terrorist or illicit traffickers, if appropriates mechanism are not put in place to verify identities, credentials,
and the intention of individual, ships or cargo arriving at the port. This thesis shall define research problem and the objective, then the issues relating to port security threats and the vulnerabilities, including its economic impacts on the port. Also how port security measures have been applied in Port of Nigeria shall be demonstrated. Though, current security regime have enhance some part of the port security, nevertheless they have failed to tackle the important vulnerabilities which terrorist and other criminals are capable of exploiting. Despite the fact that there is strong physical security at the ports, as well as the strict inspection rules for the containerized cargo, the absence of mechanisms to verify the identities and credentials of every individual who has access to the ports, secure non-containerized cargo, and prevent criminal from accessing and exploiting the port facilities, the whole port security measure can be undermined.
All sections within Nigeria and international community have welcomed the breakthrough of offshore oil and gas in the Western part of Nigeria. Nigerians have is expectation that this breakthrough will bring significant economic benefit to Country. Nigeria Port being the main facility for receiving ships and transferring cargoes, the offshore oil and gas exploitation and development, has brought enormous responsibilities and challenges to the port Authorities and the users. The significant issues among, is how authority is going to manage the security, safety and environmental issues that will arise over the next decade. The challenge is that, offshore oil and gas extraction includes a complex net of ships, structures, installations and people, all interacting with each other. These activities raise concern to security, safety and environmental protection considerations at a high level of intensity, at this time that the offshore production is in full swing. Therefore there is the need to identify the related threats and vulnerability to be able to develop a comprehensive, but resilient security system to deal with the threats and vulnerabilities.
The main objective of this thesis is to identify the threats and the vulnerabilities concerning Nigeria port in Nigeria, and finally recommend measure to overcome the identified threats and vulnerabilities.
PORT SECURITY-THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES
