Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to find out the perception of students in the use of improvised instructional materials in teaching biology in senior secondary schools in Ezeagu Local Government Area, Enugu State. The researcher used descriptive survey research design for the study. The population of the study consisted 750 SSII biology students in 29 public secondary schools in Ezeagu Local Government Area. 10 public secondary schools out of 29 were sampled for the study and a sample size of 15 students each from the 10 schools were selected using purposive random sampling techniques. Three research questions rated on four scales were answered. The instrument was validated by three experts, 1 from Science and Vocational Education and 2 from Measurement and Evaluation, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu. The questionnaire was administered to biology students and collected by the researcher. Mean and standard deviation was used to analyse the collected data. The result revealed that the use of improvised instructional materials in teaching biology enhance teaching, provides meaningful learning and makes teaching to be effective. The result also revealed that students have very positive attitudes towards the use of improvised materials while teaching. On the academic achievement, the result revealed that there was a significant effect on students’ academic achievement. Based on the findings and implications, it was recommended that teaching biology in secondary schools should be conducted in a manner that students will effectively understand and learn the concept taught. Teacher – student relationship should be boosted as it encourages teaching. Government, philanthropists and the PTA should contribute generously financially, to the promotion of improvisation in secondary schools in Ezeagu Local Government Area. Seminars and workshops should be organized from time to time to teach on the importance of improvisation for effective teaching of biology in all the public secondary schools in Ezeagu Local Government Area. Beyond these, the researcher recommends that teachers’ training institutions should incorporate the use of improvisation in their curriculum.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title i
Certification ii
Approval Page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledge v
Abstract vi
Table of Content vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the problem 4
Purpose of the Study 5
Scope of the Study 6
Significance of the Study 6
Research Questions 7
Chapter two: Review of Related Literature 9
Meaning of Improvisation 9
Types of Improvisational 11
Role substitution of instructional materials 12
Need for Improvisation 14
Basic Consideration in Improvisation 15
Influence of Improvisation Materials in Teaching Biology 15
Advantages of improvisation 17
Disadvantages of Improvisation 17
Disadvantages of Improvisation 18
Theoretical Frame Work 18
Empirical Studies 19
Summary of the Literature Review 22
Chapter Three: Research Method 23
Research Design23
Area of the Study 24
Population of the Study 24
Sample and Sampling Techniques 24
Instrument for Data Collection 24
Validity of Instrument 25
Reliability of the Instrument 25
Method for Data Collection 25
Method of Data Analysis 25
Decision rule 26
Chapter Four: Presentation of Results 33
Chapter five: Discussion, Conclusion, Recommendation and Summary 36
Discussion of the study 36
Conclusions 37
Implication of the findings 38
Recommendation 38
Limitation 39
Suggestion for Further Study 39
Summary of the Study 40
References 41
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The importance of science in our daily activities can never be underrated. Science has made numerous and unalloyed contribution to the realization and advancement of the contemporary world and it has been attributed as the foundation for technological breakthrough in this modern world. According to Ogunleye (2012), he defined science as a dynamic human activity concerned with understanding the workings of the world we live. This understanding helps man to know more about the universe. Without the application of science, it would have been difficult for man to explore his environment. The objectives of science education according to Maduekwe (2009) in Nigeria include the need to prepare students to observe and explore the environment, explain simple natural phenomena, develop scientific attitudes including curiosity, critical reflection and objectivity, apply the skills and knowledge gained through science to solve everyday problems in the environment, develop self-confidence and self-reliance through problems solving activities in science.
Biology is one of the science subjects offered at the senior secondary school levels in Nigeria secondary schools (NPE, 2004) Biology is a very important science subject and a requirement for higher learning in a number of science-related professional courses like medicine, pharmacy, agriculture. Biology is natural science that deals with the living world. How the world is structured how it functions and what these functions are: how it develops, how living things came into existence and how they interact to one another and with their environment (Umar 2011) It is a prerequisite subject for many fields of learning that contributes immensely to the technological growth of the nation e.g. nursing, medicine etc. (Ahmed, 2008) According to Abuhu (2007) Biology is a natural science that studies-living organisms (plants and animals). The study of biology generally is considered as basics for the preparation of every informed citizens and serves as gate way into numerous career choices in life. Nations that desire to forge ahead scientifically and technologically cannot afford to toy-with the biological knowledge of her citizenry. The basic tools science uses in the learning of science processes are the instructional materials. Instructional materials are essential and significant tools needed for teaching and learning of school subjects to promotes teachers efficiency and improve students performance. They make learning more interesting, practical realistic and appealing. They also enable both the teachers and students participate actively and effectively in lesson sessions. They give room for acquisition of skills and knowledge and development of self-confidence and self actualization.
However, studies have shown that the senior secondary school students are exhibiting low interest in biology (Esiobu, 2015). This low interest has been traced to poor achievement in Biology examinations. Poor achievement in biology can be attributed to many factors such as poor method of teaching, unavailability of laboratory facilities, lack of instructional materials, inadequate time allocation and large class size. Folorunso (2014) linked poor achievement trend in biology particularly to the lack of instructional resources in schools due to poor funding of schools which hinders the principals from providing teachers with adequate instructional materials. According to Etukudo (2009), poor achievement in biology is incontrovertibly attributed to poor instructional delivery approach adopted by teachers in schools. Poor teaching methods adopted by teacher at senior secondary school level in Nigeria have been identified as one of the major factors contributing to poor performance of students in biology (Ahmed and Abimbola 2011; Kareem 2003.
However, evidence from research has shown that instructional materials resources and equipment in teaching biology are in short supply and that some are completely lacking in schools to extent that most teachers end with verbs exposition of scientific principles, facts and concepts. The persistent use of this method makes students passive rather than active learners. It does not promote insightful learning and long-term retention of some abstract concepts in biology Ahmed & Abimbola 2011, and the only way out of this ugly situation is for the teacher to make the teaching of biology concept relevant through the use of necessary and adequate instructional materials in the teaching and learning process of biology in senior secondary schools. Therefore there is need for improvisation. When the real materials that are the conventional instructional materials are not available or inadequate, they can be locally made by using resources in the environment as alternative.
The concept of improvisation, in science teaching has comes to stay with us. No matter how generous and rich and education authority might be, they are generally not always in a position to provide their school with all they need. Improvisation could be seen as the act of providing teaching materials from our locality when there is shortage or lack of the standard ones to enhance instruction. Igwe (2013) defines improvisation as the making or inventing of a piece of science teaching equipment in emergency. It is an essential part of laboratory management for the purpose of maximizing the use of the available resources. In the science class, teaching aids are needed to supplement the teachers oral explanation with the students visible experiences. This is why Abdullahi (2012) stated that scientific materials used in teaching enable the students to become actively involved intellectually. Perceptually and physically in the learning process. Improvisation requires a considerable development through imaginative planning and good knowledge. Improvise instructional materials when effectively improvised and utilized can turn a dull students intellect to a great academic achiever. This is because students learn best when the subject matter is brought practically to their senses since the more the senses are stimulated the more a person learns and the more he retains. In line with this, science teachers should exhibit resourcefulness by improvising materials in place of the standardized ones. Even the collection of these teaching materials by the students themselves is in itself rewarding and a stimulating learning source experience. Two much verbalism encourages authoritarian approach and makes learning difficult and uninteresting.
Statement of the problem
The performance of students in biology in SSCE over the past few years in the study area has not been impressive. Evidence from the studies reviewed shows that failure rate in biology at senior certificate examination is high. This could be caused by a number of factors. One of such factors is shortage or complete absence of instructional materials. In teaching and learning biology, instructional materials play a key role towards concretizing learning. It makes learning more meaningful and help to improve students academic achievement. However these advantages of instructional materials have reflected in the education system because of the dearth of these instructional materials in our schools. Hence, the need for alternative instructional materials called improvisation. Bassey (2008) pointed out a good relationship between the teaching of biology and using of instructional materials to enhance teaching and learning.
Biology is resource intensive, and in an era of poor funding or scarcity of resources, it may be difficult to find some of the original materials and equipment for the teaching of biology adequately in schools. The researcher feels that the teaching and learning of biology in secondary schools in Ezeagu. Local Government Area in Enugu state would be hindered seriously if improvisation of instructional materials were not encouraged. These observations then motivated the interest of the researcher to examine the perception of students in the use of improvised instructional materials in teaching biology in senior secondary schools in Ezeagu.
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to find out the perception of students in the use of improvised instructional materials in teaching biology in senior secondary schools in Ezeagu Local Government Area of Enugu State.
Specifically, the research will further look into the following specific purpose:-
- Determining the extent of the use of improvised instructional materials by biology teachers in senior secondary schools in Ezeagu.
- To investigate the attitude of biology students towards the use of improvised materials in teaching biology.
- To determine the influence of the use of improvised materials on students academic achievement.
Scope of the Study
This research work is based on the perception of students in the use of improvised instructional materials in teaching biology in senior secondary school students in Ezeagu Local Government Area. The study is mainly limited to public secondary schools in Ezeagu Local Government Area, Enugu State.
