TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Abbreviations xi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Objective of the Study 4
1.4 Research Questions 4
1.5 Hypotheses 4
1.6 Significance of the Study 5
1.7 Scope of the Study 5
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms 5
CHAPTER
TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Global overview of HIV/AIDS 6
2.2 Basic facts of HIV/AIDS 6
2.3 Disease Staging of HIV/AIDS 6
2.4 Antiretroviral Therapy adherence and Quality of life 8
2.5 Quality of life assessment 9
2.6 Factors that influence Quality of life 10
2.7 Relationship between perceived social support
and Quality of life 12
2.8 Relationship between socio-demographic variables
and Quality of life 14
2.9 Empirical studies on Quality of Life 16
2.10 Conceptual Model 17
CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 21
3.2 Population 21
3.3 Sample size and sampling Technique 21
3.4 Instrumentation 22
3.5 Validity and Reliability of Instrument 22
3.6 Method of Data Collection 23
3.7 Method of Data Analysis 23
3.8 Ethical Consideration 23
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA
ANALYSIS, RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION OF
FINDINGS
4.0. Introduction 25
4.1 Presentation of Results:
Socio-demographic information of respondent 24
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions 26
4.3 Hypothses Testing 32
4.4 Discussion of Findings 34
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction 39
5.1 Summary 39
5.2 Conclusion 40
5.3 Recommendations 41
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge 42
5.5 Limitation of the Study 42
5.6 Suggestion for Further Studies 42
REFERENCES 44
APPENDICES 50
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
4.1 Respondent’s Demographic characteristics 25
4.2 Perceived social support of PLWHA 26
4.3 Quality of life of People living with HIV/AIDS 28
4.4a Model Summary for
the influence of Gender on Quality of life of PLWHA 30
4.4b Simple linear
Regression showing influence of Gender on Quality of life 30
4.5a Model Summary for
the influence of educational level on Quality of life of PLWHA 31
4.5b Simple linear
Regression showing influence of educational level on Quality of life 31
4.6a Model Summary for
the influence of occupation on Quality of life of PLWHA 31
4.6b Simple linear
Regression showing influence of occupation on Quality of life 31
4.7a Model Summary for
the influence of HIV serostatus on Quality of life of PLWHA 32
4.7b Simple linear
Regression showing the influence of Gender on Quality of life 32
4.8 Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) showing relationship between social support and quality of life 33
4.9 PPMC showing
relationship between Quality of life and socio-demographic variables 33
4.10PPMC showing
relationship between social support and socio-demographic variables 34
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Adapted Conceptual
model of Quality of life among People Living with HIV/AIDS 19
ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV/AIDS Human
Immunodeficiency Virus
NACA National
Action Committee on AIDS
OOUTH Olabisi
Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital
PLWHA People
Living with HIV/AIDS
QoL Quality
of Life
WHO World
Health Organisation
WHOQoL-HIV World
Health Organisation Quality of life for HIV
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Human Immuno deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a pandemic disease in which the body’s defense mechanism is weak and this makes the body unable to get rid of infection (NACA, 2001). HIV/AIDS is an incurable diseases that makes the casualty susceptible (Rajeev, 2012), and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite the availability of treatment and care. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle & Cheever, 2010).
As at the end of 2015 – 36.7 million
people probably were living with the virus, 2.1 million people were nearly
infected; 1.1 million people died from the disease; and 18.2 million people
were accessing ART as June 2016. Since the beginning of the epidemic, over 78
million people have become infected; and 3.5 million have died from AIDS
related diseases thus challenging improvements to world health today (UNAIDS,
2016). In sub Saharan Africa about 21 million people are living with HIV/AIDS
and 32% of this population are presently on ART as at 2012 (UNAIDS, 2013).
Also, in Nigeria, estimated 3.1 % adults within the ages of 15 – 49 are living
with HIV/AIDS which is equal to about 3.5 million people from about 141 million
of the total population (UNAIDS, 2016).
Nigeria is Africa most populous
country with 140,4311,790 population figure as at the last census, and is also
rated as tenth largest country in the world with the approximate estimation of
55% literate and 70% poor in the population (UNAIDS, WHO & Nigerian Population
Comission 2009). Also, in Nigeria, estimated 3.1 % adults within the ages of 15
– 49 are living with HIV/AIDS which is equal to about 2.6 million people from
about 141 million of the total population (UNAIDS, 2008). Another report from
NACA (2009) statistics shows average 4.6% prevalence HIV rate among Nigerians
(NACA, 2009). HIV/AIDS in Nigeria remains a vital public/ community health
issue since Nigeria is a base or environment with many people living with HIV
with South Africa prevalence 19.2% as at the end of 2015 (UNAIDS, 2016). The
widespread of this disease has negative effect on the psychosocial, cultural,
and developmental aspects of life, which makes the diseases a critical public
health issue (UNAIDS, 2008).
One of the variables to be measured
in this study is social support which has been associated to better Quality of
Life among PLWHA in different studies (Khumaseen, Aoup-por & Thammachak,
2012). Social support is defined as “the view or experience that one is loved
and cared for by others, esteemed and valued, and part of a social network of
mutual assistance and obligations” (Taylor, 2007, p. 145). Social support
assistance, user fees friendly, good patient – health workers relationship can
help to curb non-adherence. An in-depth knowledge of the multifaceted
interrelationship of the biological sociological factors is required to
understand non-adherence, and Quality of life thus creating avenue for more
effective non-adherence intervention programs (Olowookere, et al, 2012). Also, Adedimeji & Odutolu (2007) in a
quantitative research to determine the extent to which certain factors
contribute to improvement in QoL of PLWHA reported that availability of care
and social support from spouse friends and family members yielded good QoL with
93%. Social support services is limited and lacking in this country and this
makes evaluation of the wellbeing and longetivity of PLWHA important as to how
individual perceive their own health using different instrument such as WHOQOL
HIV BREF version instrument. (Folasire, Irabor & Folasire 2013).
The incurable and pandemic nature of
HIV/AIDS calls for mobilization of resources such as human, money &
material resources to improve quality of life among PLWHA. HIVAIDS is a serious
humanitarian problem that could affect the physical, psychological, social
status of PLWHA. The Quality of Life (QoL) of HIV/AIDS patient is crucial as
well as the disease progression because of their need for adaption to changes
in their lives which include financial & societal changes. Therefore,
consideration for improving their quality of life is paramount (Fan, Kuo, Kao,
Morisky & Chen 2011). According to World
Health Organization (2005) quality of life is described as individual’s
perceptions of their position in the life in the context of culture and value
systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, standards,
expectations, and concerns.
The indicator of physical, mental,
social, and spiritual, wellbeing is Health Related Quality of life and this
could serve as means of measuring the total wellbeing of PLWHA which include
their functions and perceptions based on life experiences (Malucclo, Palemo,
Kadliyala, & Rawat, 2015). However,
the HRQOL is regarded as non-medical aspect of living example psychosocial,
socio economic aspect etc (Trana, Ohinmaaa, Nguyen, Nguyen & Nguyen,
2011). Advances in the management of
HIV/AIDS makes it a chronic condition thereby causing reduction in morbidity
and mortality thus improves QoL (Millard, Elliott, Slavin, McDonald, Rowell, & Girdler
2014). As HIV treatment and care worldwide is moving
from emergency to longer term strategies management, there are structural and
contextual factors that influence the outcome of this intervention. The factors
include individual, facility based, environmental/cultural etc (Aidala, Wilson,
Shubert, Gogolishvili, Globerman, Rueda, et
al, 2016).
The changes that result from HIV
care and Management conote that individual with the diseases should take
responsibility for themselves since it is now a chronic condition. Thus this
will help to prevent disability and improve QoL (Millard et al, 2014). In the care
and management of HIV/AIDS wholistic approach is needed to promptly address
issues since it remains a chronic diseases. The stress and fear that accompany
the diseases has been reduced since it has been addressed in relation to other
aspects of life. Focus should now be shifted or adjusted to how individual
adjusts to symptoms (Buseh, Kelber, Stevens, & Park, 2008), and Health
related QOL which is a determinant of overall personal health (Krause, Butler,
& May, 2013).
According to United States
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2011), The two overarching goals
of Healthy people 2020 include (1.) Improving the overall quality of life (2.)
Improving the health of all groups. The
QoL of PLWHA can be traced to the increase in life span of infected individuals
due to availability and access to ART. Socio economic conditions of individuals
with HI/AIDS can alter QoL thereby affecting health-seeking behaviours (Mawar,
Katendra, Bagul,.Bembalker, Vedamurthachar,
Tripathy, et al., 2015).
Another variable of interest in this study is demographic factors which have
been proven to improve quality of life and are seen as determinant of quality
of life. Socio demographic charasteristics
like income level, Marital status, educational level, occupation when
investigated among PLWHA in China was found to influence quality of life which
means people with higher income and are married tend to show positive quality
of life.( Rajeev etal.., 2012). The explanation for this could be as a result
of the knowledge gained from the exposure in the workplace which could impact
quality of life. Also employment among other demographic factors like gender,
higher income, and gender are associated with improved quality of life as seen
among PLWHA in India (Basavaraj etal.., 2010). The reason for the employment
may be a source of income, care and
social support to the individual that are affected which means having a good
job may directly or indirectly improve QoL.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In Nigeria, Joint United Program on HIV/AIDS (2014) reported estimated National HIV prevalence of 4.6% and Nigeria is said to be the 2nd in Africa in terms of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) Africa with over 3.2 million (UNAIDS, 2014). Compounding the lack of cure for HIV/AIDS is the fact that PLWHA are still faced with social support issues even being a predictor of QoL. PLWHA are also faced with Poor Quality of Life which has been attributed to certain socio demographic variables like lack of social support system or dissatisfaction with the perceived social support given. Kehinde, Fatiregun, & Osagbemi (2013) reported that certain sociodemographic/ economic factors like occupation, income, educational level have been proven to impact QoL where low income and low educational level brings about poor QoL among the HIV/AIDS patient in Kogii state of Nigeria (Kehinde, Fatiregun & Osagbemi, 2013). Also, gender difference has been documented to influence QoL being a major predictor of QoL where statistical result revealed lower score of QoL among men (Sanyang, 2011) People still struggle with coping with AIDS and related diseases in the recent times and this called for evaluating QoL among PLWHA (Oliveira, Moura, Araujo, & Andrade, 2015). Moreover, limited information about QoL is a major problem in African setting even with ART in place for PLWHA. Little or no information on QoL has been documented in Ogun state despite the high prevalence of 6.1 % which is believed to be one of the highest in the south west Geopolitical zone in Nigeria (NACA, 2014).
It is in the light of these that the researcher is carrying out this study to explore perceived social support, and socio demographic variables as correlates of Quality of life among Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome patients in a teaching hospital, Ogun State.
1.3 Objective of the Study
PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT AND SOCIO – DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AS CORRELATES OF QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME PATIENTS IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL, OGUN STATE
