TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE I
APPROVAL PAGE II
CERTIFICATION III
DEDICATION IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
LIST OF TABLES X
LIST OF FIGURES XI
ABSTRACT XII
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
Background to the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 13
Purpose of the Study 15
Research Questions 16
Hypotheses 17
Significance of the Study 17
Scope of the Study 19
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 20
Conceptual Framework 21
Concept of University Libraries 21
Concept of Service Delivery in Libraries 26
Concept of Library Security 30
Concept of Library Security Systems 35
Schematic Representation of the Conceptual Framework 42
Theoretical Framework 43
Relative Deprivation Theory by Dollard et al (1939) 43
Collection Security Management
Model (CSMM) by Da Veiga and Elof (2007) 45
Model of Information Services (MIS) by Michael
Porter and Victor Millar (1988) 48
Review of Related Empirical Studies 50
Security System Adopted by Libraries for Supporting Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries 5
Library Security on Technical Services in University Libraries. 53
Library Security on Reader Services in University Libraries. 55
Library Security on Library Administrative Services on Federal University Libraries 57
Problems Associated to ineffective Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries 58
Strategies Needed for the
Enhancement of Library Security in Federal University Libraries 60
Summary of Literature Review 61
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD 62
Design of the Study 62
Area of the Study 62
Population of the Study 63
Sample and Sampling Techniques 64
Instrument for Data Collection 64
Validation of the Instrument 66
Reliability of the Instrument 67
Method of Data Collection 69
Method of Data Analysis 69
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 71
Research Question One 72
Research Question Two 73
Research Question Three 75
Research Question Four 76
Research Question Five 77
Research Question Six 78
Research Question Seven 80
Research Question Eight 81
Hypothesis One 83
Summary of Findings 84
CHAPTER
FIVE: FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 86
Discussion of Findings 86
Educational Implications of the Study 94
Limitations of the Study 98
Suggestions for Further Study 98
Conclusion 99
Recommendations 101
REFERENCES 103
APPENDICES
|
I: |
Questionnaire
for University Library Staff on the Influence of library Security on Services
Delivery in Federal University Libraries in North Central Nigeria (QULSILSSD)
|
113 |
| II: |
Questionnaire
for Registered Library Users (Students) Introductory Letter
|
118 |
| III: |
Observation
Checklist
|
120 |
|
IV:
|
Distribution of the Population of the
Study According to University Libraries
|
121 |
|
V: |
Using
the Taro Yemenis Sample Size Determination Formula (1964) to Obtain the
Sample Size.
|
122 |
|
VI: |
Using
Uzoagulu’s (1998) Statistical Formula in the Distribution of the Sampled
Population to each of the Universities
|
123 |
|
VII: |
Using
the Taro Yamane Sample Size Determination Formula (1964) to Obtain the Sample
Size
|
124 |
|
VIII: |
Using
Uzoagulu’s (1998) Statistical Formula in the Distribution of the Sampled
Population to Each of the Universities
|
125 |
|
IX : |
Returned
Students’ Questionnaire
|
126 |
|
X: |
Returned
Staff Questionnaire
|
127 |
|
XI: |
Data
Analysis for Staff and users (Students) on the Influence of Library Security
on Services Delivery in Federal University Libraries in North Central Nigeria
|
128 |
|
XII: |
Validated
Comments and Modification made on the Instrument
(staff
questionnaire)
|
142 |
|
XIII: |
Questionnaires
for University Library Staff and Users (Students) on the Influence of Library
Security on Services Delivery in Federal University Libraries in North Central
Nigeria (QULSILSSD)
|
144
|
LIST OF TABLES
Table Pages
1: Observation Check List 71
2: Type of Security Apparatus 72
3: Extent of Implementation of Security Effective Service Delivery 74
4: Influence
of Library Security on Technical Service in University Libraries 75
5: Influence
of Library Security on Reader Service in University Libraries 76
6: Influence of Library Security on Library Administrative Service in Federal University Libraries 77
7: Perception of Library Users (Students) on Library Security 79
8: Challenges Associated with the Implementation of Library Security or Effective Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries in North Central, Nigeria 80
9: Strategies for Enhancing the Implementation of Library Security for Effective Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries in North Central, Nigeria 82
10: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test of Hypothesis 83
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure page
I: Problems Schematic Representation of
Security Problems in University
libraries. Adapted from Hagen, Albrechtsen and
Hovden (2008). 42
2: House Model for Collection Security
Management for Libraries (CSML)(Adapted from Da Veiga and Elof, 2007) 46
3:
Model of Information Services (MIS) (Adapted
from Michael and Victor Millar, 1988) 48
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the Library Security
and Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries in North Central Nigeria.
It sought to find out the types of security systems adopted by the federal university
libraries, extent of implementation of security in university libraries for
effective service delivery, perception of library users (students) on library
security. The study determined the challenges and strategies to enhance the
implementation of library security for effective service delivery. There are
eight research questions and one hypothesis formulated, that guided the study.
A descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population of the study
comprised of 25,590. Using the Taro Yamane (1964) formula, the total sample
size for the study was 572. The instruments for data collection were
questionnaires and observation check list. In analyzing the data, mean and
standard deviation and ANOVA were used. The instrument was validated by three
experts at University
of Nigeria, Nsukka. The
instrument was trial-tested on 20 selected library staff of Nnamdi Azikiwe
Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and 15 registered students at Nnamdi
Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 572 Questionnaires were
administered to the respondents in the selected institutions of the study and
516 (90%) were returned and 56 (10%) questionnaires were missing. The data
collected were presented in tables. Descriptive statistics was used based on
SPSS statistical analyses version 22.00 for primary data. The findings revealed
that, close circuit television (CCTV) and surveillance cameras, are slightly
adopted, that the security systems are not sufficiently adopted by most of the
Federal University libraries. The
findings further, revealed that there is insecurity in the collections of
Technical services, reader services, through, theft, mutilation, defacing of
library materials, and vandalism of the university library collections. Findings
also indicate serious dysfunctional security implementation by library staff.
Also, findings showed that the responses indicated that there is serious security
threat on all units or sections of the university libraries. However, some
challenges such as poor budgeting/inadequate funding of the library, in
adequate staff/personnel, sabotage of library security by members of staff,
poor lightning in important areas of the library, epileptic/erratic power
supply to implement electronic security, lack of institutional security policy
among others were identified. Strategies to overcome the challenges were
identified to include, improved funding of university libraries, employment of
more staff in the library, improving lighting of important areas in the
library, need for a standby generators among others. There was a significant
difference between electronic security system and manual security system in
Federal University Libraries in North Central, Nigeria. The study recommended
the recruitment of competent security personnel to man the entrances / exit of
the library, provision of close circuit television (CCTV), special intervention
in the installation of electronic security systems, the need for adequate
funding, development of a workable security policy and the need for collaborative
efforts by the entire library staff in ensuring the security of the library at
all times.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
The
emergence of libraries enables people to engage in all types of information.
Students, teachers, practitioners, researchers, organizations, communities,
governments, among others, rely on the library for information. In essence, the
demand for library for information, learning, teaching and research is central
to functional school system-most especially, university education. The
traditional notion of a library looks at ‘library’ as a mere collection of books.
A more comprehensive view, however, describes ‘library’ as:
An
organized collection of sources of information and similar resources, made
accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides
physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room,
or a virtual space, or both. A library’s collection can include books,
periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents,
microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books,
audio-books, databases, and other formats. Libraries range in size from a few
shelves of books to several million items (Freeman, 2014:3).
A library collects, organizes, preserves and
makes information resources accessible to all kinds of users regardless of
their age, backgrounds and interests. Islam (2004) defined library as a learned
institution equipped with treasures of knowledge, maintained, organized and
managed by trained personnel to educate members of society continuously and
assist in their self- improvement through an effective and prompt dissemination
of information. Libraries are of different types. They include: academic
libraries, national libraries, special libraries and others. A national or
state library is a repository of information and publication of a country. A
public library serves the general public. An academic library usually serves
purposes of research. Special libraries are owned by private individuals or
firms or organizations for the purpose of doing specialized research such as
libraries of law firms.
An
academic library in its generic term refers to all the libraries that exist in
institutions of higher learning. Their major aim is to provide the curricular
needs of the students as well as to support the teaching staff in their up-to
date materials required for their teaching. Edoka (2000) defines academic
libraries as libraries that exist in institutions of higher education such as
universities, colleges of education, and polytechnics. Universities in
particular usually go beyond the curricular needs of the institution to
emphasize research in their community and humanity at large.
According to Kudu (2012:
p.35); the functions of University library are to:
- provide information materials required for academic programmes of the parent institution
- provide research information resources in consonance with the needs of faculty and students,
- provide information resources for recreation and personal development of users,
- provide study accommodation in useful variety of locations,
- provide protection and security for these materials,
- cooperate with other libraries as appropriate for improved information services, and
- provide specialized information services to appropriate segment of the wider community.
Because of the foregoing, universities are provided with
library facilities and resources more than the other tiers of academic
institutions such as colleges of education and polytechnics. Facilities or
collections of university libraries are, text books, encyclopaedias,
dictionaries, bibliographies, abstract, indexes, biographies, geographical
resources, serial publication eg, magazines, journals, annuals such as reports,
memoirs, proceedings of meetings, newspapers, electronic sources such as, CDs,
DVD, computers, films, databases and websites eg, E-books, E- journal, among
others (Ogbuehi, 2013).
The libraries are central to the universities. The
importance of the university library to the intellectual life of the students,
staff and researchers is often underscored by the oft-quoted statement by the
British University Grants Committee of 1921 in Baker (2013: p. 9) which noted
that:
The
character and efficiency of a university may be gauged by the treatment of its
central organ, the library. We regard the fullest provision (of funds) for
library maintenance as the primary and most vital need in the equipment of a
university. An adequate library is not only the basis of all teaching and
study; it is the essential condition of research without which additions cannot
be made to the sum of human knowledge.
To
replicate this strategic position in university education, the Nigerian
government understandably assigned the prominent role to university libraries
in its National Policy of Education (1998) which, for example, specifies that
university education will make optimum contribution to national development by:
- intensifying
and diversifying its programmes for the development of high level manpower
within the context of the needs of the nation,
- making
professional courses contents to reflect our national requirements,
- making
all students as part of a general programme of all-round improvement in
university education to offer general study courses such as History of Ideas,
Philosophy of Knowledge and Nationalism, and
- university
research relevant to the nation’s developmental goals.
There are calls, not only for the establishment of more
federal universities as the government has done in recent years, but also for
the creation, provision, protection and maintenance of properly-funded
university libraries and information resources and collections in order to
achieve the needed learning, teaching and research. However, after their
establishment, security problems often threaten library resources and
information services. There is therefore the need to provide security measures
to prevent loss of resources, which if not checked, will put the operation of
some federal university libraries in the North Central States of Nigeria in
jeopardy. Aina (2004) observes that incidents of security threats negatively
affect the quality of learning, teaching and research work being carried out by
the students, staff and faculties.
In reality, research, teaching and learning cannot take
place in a university where library collections and resources are not only
inadequate, but the limited ones are pilfered, stolen, destroyed, or mishandled
by students, staff and other users. There are research findings that showed
that libraries are being exposed to environmental disasters, of careless
handling of collections, of absence of security programmes and policies for
library management and administration, of loss of library resources to theft
and other criminal behaviours (Jato 2005) in (Akpom, Ike, & Onyam 2017). This
research work seeks to identify these causes of security problems and suggest
ways to solving the problems in order to achieve optimum performance in the
service delivery. Ajegbomogun, (2004), Akinfolarin (1992) equally reported that
in Egypt, a certain library collection had to be kept under lock and key to
prevent theft. Similarly, Terfarra (1996) cited cases of Middle-Eastern and
European countries that chain-locked their collected works to prevent theft and
vandalism. Yet, most school authorities in Nigeria seem not to recognize the
threat of security problems to the life of library collections. However,
several security measures such as detective barcode machines; close circuit
television (CCTV), 3M electronic security systems, and a workable security
policy for the university libraries are put in place to check theft and
vandalism. This is more important than chaining or putting the materials under
lock and key which may likely prevent users’ easy access to these resources.
Efficient library service delivery has
been the cardinal objective of any library. Nwalo (2003) defined library
services as all intangible offers given by a library to its clientele to ensure
the full exploitation of the resources of the library in meeting their full
information needs. Library service delivery is also any facility provided by a
library to enhance the use of library resources and dissemination of
information (Innocent, 2014). According to Hornby (2000), service delivery
relates to any assistance or help offered to a person to enable him or her use
or take advantage or benefit from something. In this work, library service
relates to any assistance or help offered to the users in university libraries
to enable them use the university library resources and facilities. Hence,
Edoka (2000) observed that the entire human and material resources in a library
are put in place at considerable expense for the overall purpose of providing
effective service delivery to the library users. Ogbuehi (2012) noted that the
effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery would to a large extent
represent what the patrons perceive of the library.
The provision of service delivery in
university libraries is regarded as a serious aspect of library service which
seeks to satisfy the needs of the user in teaching, research and learning.
Childer (1998) stated that the provision of information services represents an
important part of academic libraries services and may be supplied in a variety
of ways within the library system. Some of the services in university libraries
are; bibliographic services, abstractive services, indexes services,
inter-library loan services, reference services, reserve services, photocopy
services, selective dissemination of information (SDI), current awareness
services (CAS), reader services, translation services, library orientation. The
university libraries are libraries attached to university. They are the nerve
centres of scholarship in universities library. It is an indispensable
instrument for intellectual development being a store house of information to
which users, (students and staff) may turn to for accessing information.
According to Nwezeh and Shabi (2011), librarians have information dissemination
as their predominant function. The library has a unique position as a potential
educational force in the university community of staff and students of
different levels especially in this era of information communication technology
which can facilitate the libraries’ capability to reach out to direct users as
well as remote access users.
Service delivery is an exchange of
information about ideas, feelings, attitudes and beliefs between sender and
receiver. While information delivery is in two dimensions that is audio and
audio-visual dimensions, Lucky and Achebe (2013) argue that one can actually
communicate without visualizing, and on the other hand, one can visualize and
communicate both to the classes of users. Information services are to provide
value-added information. Information services belong to the services needed by
individuals, researchers, faculties, universities and organizations. It is
based on the actual or potential information needs of the user, and affords a
series of interconnected information collection, processing and provision or
delivery services. Within this context service delivery is the provision of
information on demand which indicates that a user, who demands for it, will be
provided with answer to his inquiry. The university libraries advance the
knowledge of users through their libraries with the help of the collections
that are the bedrock for the services provided to the users. Gelfand (2005)
quoted in Maidabino (2010) referred to the library as the only centralized
location where new and emerging information technologies can be combined with
knowledge resources in a user for use, service-rich environment that supports
today’s social and educational patterns of learning, teaching and research.
In order to bridge the gap between the information
seekers, it is necessary to use a variety of delivery strategies to take the
information to the users, the use of traditional methods and the technology
methods. The strategies must be deployed to deliver the gamut of services to
user’s requirements including document delivery service; bibliographic service;
Information Technology (IT) service; reference services; interlibrary loans
services, internet services, digital services; E-library services; technical service;
computerized interactive search; abstracting and Indexing service; exhibition and
displays; user education; selective dissemination of information (SDI); current
awareness (CA); photocopying service; referral service; reservation service,
translation service, lending service among others (Kudu, 2012). For the purpose of this study,
information service in library is the sum total of all library activities aimed
at facilitating the use of the library and its resources. The research work
aims at identifying physical and digital collection security problems that
hinder the provision of effective and efficiency services provided in
university libraries, like Library Administrative services among others. It is
based on the actual or potential information needs of the user, and affords a
series of interconnected information collection, processing and provision
services.
The availability of all information
resources in a university library will create conducive environment for the
librarian to provide all those information services, to serve the users in
carrying out their researches effectively. Nkiki and Yusuf (2008) in Oyedum,
Sani, Udoang (2014) stated that Librarians also agreed that a university with
more library resources (Digital resources and physical collections) provides
better services for researches, while in the absence of information resources
in the university libraries, the service delivery cannot be possible. This therefore,
calls for ensuring the security of the resources in the university libraries in
north central, Nigeria
Security
of library resources is very paramount in the provision of efficient library
service delivery, where there is insecurity of library collections, the
resources are exposed to dangers such as theft, mutilation, and vandalism among
others. These can have adverse negative effects on library service delivery.
Ani (2010) stated that security is the condition of being protected physically,
emotionally, psychologically as well as from other harms, attacks, terror which
could be considered as non-desirable. Edem (2010) defines se
