CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The
population of Lagos is at present in excess of 18 million. A megacity status is
conferred by the United Nations on cities with a population of 10 million and
above. Building and preserving a model mega city comes with great challenges.
Providing a sufficient amount of infrastructure and other necessities that
would accommodate the needs of over 18 million people could be daunting (Ayeni,
2008).
By
2025, officials and population analysts agreed that the number of people in the
city and in the surrounding communities, especially, in Ogun State axis, would
leap to 30 million. Prominent among the challenges are housing, infrastructure
and transportation, particularly in more than 10 local government areas (LGAs)
that made up of the state, excluding local council development areas (LCDAs).
Besides, the notorious traffic jams, choking pollution, inadequate supply of
potable water, insecurity and absence or inadequate social and economic needs
of the people pose more challenges.Apart from series of efforts put in place by
government through several urban renewal programs, the uncontrolled influx of
people from virtually every states of Nigeria, including neighboring countries,
such as Benin Republic, Togo, Ghana and others, is heightening the fear that
the next few years would provoke a daunting task for the authority (Tim, 2003).
It
has been observed that in some houses in Lagos metropolis, septics are
channeled directly into the drain. The government is, therefore, challenged to
invest heavily in the protection of the environment through urban renewal
programs in order to avert environmental abuse and its consequences. People
migrate from villages to the city-centre, without adequate understanding of
reality on ground. Here, culture comes into play, such as open defecation as
being done in the village, spreading of clothes publicly and cooking exercise
in any open place, among others which is frustrating the efforts of the state
government at transforming the city through urban renewal programs. Official
admitted that planned urban renewal is a major challenge in an emerging model
city like Lagos (Batley, 2003). Prior to the current urban regeneration efforts
by the government, Lagos used to be referred to as a jungle of various
emerging slums. However, a systematic urban development and slum renewal
programme, in partnership with several development agencies, has since been put
in place to reverse the trend being a major remedy to combat the menace
characterized by urbanization. Consequently, various model city plans that
included Ikeja Model Plan, Victoria Island/Ikoyi Model City Plan, Lekki
Comprehensive Land Use and Infrastructure Master Plan have been completed while
Mainland Central Model City Plan Badagry Draft Master Plan and Alimosho Master
Plan have been concluded, while others are at various stages of execution.
However, in order to give the urban renewal programme a legal backing, the
Lagos State Model City Development Law was enacted in 2009 while the State
Urban and Regional Planning Law were signed on July 7, 2010.
According
to Lindan (1993), certainly, a megacity requires a stronger financial base. The
sheer size of funding required in sustaining a megacity is beyond what a
government could provide on its own. To this end, Kadiri was of the view that
both federal and Ogun state governments should support Lagos in her efforts to
sustain the challenges involved as a result of its mega status through the
urban renewal programmes.According to Ogunleye, for the fact that many of the
old slum areas are not in hidden locations make it easier for government to
incorporate them in its urban renewal programmes. The formation of new slums is
preventedbut people’s influx is however not controllable in Lagos State,
knowing full well that no legislation that frown against migration to the city.
But government will do well if it opens up new settlement with the necessary infrastructure
put in place.Although, government has embarked on infrastructure renewal
projects that include the execution of on-going projects such as the light rail
scheme from Orile to Mile 2, the redevelopment of the Lagos-Badagry expressway
into ten lanes incorporating BRT lanes and light rails, on-going reconstruction
of the Mile 12-Ikorodu road incorporating BRT lanes, the recently commissioned Ejigbo- Ajao
Estate link bridge, recovery and redevelopment of loops hitherto used by
criminals as hide-outs among others could only become feasible with a sustained
system of funding. Notwithstanding the profoundness of these projects, it
appears that much still need to be done to meet the need of millions of
commuters on daily basis.
The
condition of the environment also constitutes a major challenge to the Lagos
megacity city. Lagos, for instance, generates 10,000 tonnes of waste daily,
almost three times higher than what the whole of Ghana generates daily. Also,
the kind of industrial pollution experienced in Lagos is second to none in the
country.Maintenance of law and order is another major challenge of the Lagos
mega city.Though a mega city status is conferred on a city as a result of
population growth, building and sustaining a model mega city is not a tea party
as reflected in the Lagos experience. In the case of Lagos, a major challenge,
however, is how to cope with the ever-increasing population of Lagos with its
attendant consequences on infrastructure
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
This
study considers the solution to the challenges of Lagos mega-cities
characterized by urbanization as an effective urban renewal programme. This
approach is aimed at providing housing, environmental policies and planning
strategies appropriate for facing the challenges of the urban growth and
development. A megacity is usually defined according to the United Nation as a
metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people. Some
definitions also set a minimum level for population density (at least 2,000
persons/square km). A megacity can be a single metropolitan area or more
metropolitan, depending on the definitions and boundaries being used. However,
the researcher will provide an overview about urban renewal programme as a
remedy to Lagos Mega city challenges.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The
following are the objectives of this study:
1. To
examine the challenges of the Lagos mega city.
2. To
identify the urban renewal programmes put in place by government of Lagos State
in addressing Mega city challenges.
3. To
determine the effectiveness of urban renewal programmes in Lagos State.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. What
are the challenges of the Lagos mega city?
2. What
are the urban renewal programmes put in place by government of Lagos State in
addressing Mega city challenges?
3. What
is the effectiveness of urban renewal programmes in Lagos State?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
following are the objectives of this study:
1. The
outcome of this study will educate the general public on how an effective urban
renewal programmes can curb mega city challenges. This will also sensitize the
policy makers on the need to introduce an urban renewal programme in controlling
issue related to megacity problems in their territory.
2. This
research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers
interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if
applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS
OF THE STUDY
This
study on infrastructure renewal programmes as a remedy to Lagos mega city
challenges will cover all the programmes set up by the Lagos State government
at tackling infrastructural challenges created as a result of the mega city.
This study will also cover the issues leading to infrastructural decay in the
State.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the
researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information
and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint- The
researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work.
This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
REFERENCES
Ayeni, B. (2008), “Lagos: Problems and
Planning in Third World Cities”, St. Martin's Press, New York.
Batley, R. (2003),
“Political Control of Urban Planning and Management”, Managing Fast Growing
Cities: New Approaches to Urban Planning and Management. Longman, London, pp.
176-206.
Halla, F.
(1994), “A Coordinating and Participatory Approach to Managing Cities”, Habitat
International, Vol.18 No 3, pp. 19-31.
Linden, E.
(1993), “Mega-cities”, Time Magazine, 11 February, pp. 141-2,
Tim, M. (2003),
“Cairo Megacity“, Travel Guides Hotel Reviews; virtualtourist.com
