ABSTRACT
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a
network consisting of a set of mobile nodes capable of communicating with each
other without base station. For Quality of Service (QoS) to be maintained,
MANET must run consistently without power interruption. Also, the wireless
network situation of MANET had made the QoS unpredictability less guaranteed
and highly susceptible to errors.
MANETs are wireless networks that run
usually on battery power. The power supplied by the battery is limited and
tends to run out after a period of time. This poses a serious challenge for the
nodes in MANETs. One major characteristic of the node is availability i.e., it
should always be to receive and transmit communication to other nodes. If a
node goes down, communication breaks down and the communication is disrupted.
The availability of the nodes has an overall impact on the Quality of Service
(QoS) that MANETs give. Once the nodes are not available when they are needed
or if a node goes down while a communication is going on, thereby affecting the
communication, the MANET is said to be unreliable, unpredictable and the QoS is
said to be low tries to resolve the power challenge faced when using MANETs.
The QoS of MANETs can only improve if the networks are working at their optimal
capacity. This research would also cover current solutions for fixing the power
problem and their effectiveness and also parts they are failing to address.
This research work proposed an energy
efficient QoS enhancement scheme for mobile ad hoc network. The algorithm is
inspired by particle swamp optimization technique with heuristic algorithm. QoS
parameters that have been taken into consideration are throughput, delay,
packet loss, and bandwidth utilisation.OPNET simulator has been used to
evaluate the proposed concept.
Simulation results show that the packet
increases from 20 to 1500 and the vehicular speed increases from 330v/h to
1300v/h. Hence, this result produces better result than the existing schemes.
The study concluded that three agents,
namely message selection agent, message forwarding agent, and QoS factor
calculating agent, have been introduced to govern and optimise the whole
message transmission scheme. Through this method, a significant improvement in
QoS factor can be achieved in comparison with the existing schemes.
Keywords: Mobile Ad Hoc Network, Nodes, Quality of Service(QoS), Hybrid Protocol, Packet loss, delay, loss, jitter, bandwidth, battery power, throughput, OPNET.
ABBREVIATIONS
ABCO Artificial
Bee Colony Optimization
ACO Ant
Colony Optimization
AODV Adhoc
On demand Distance Vector Routing
AOMOV AdhocOn Demand
Multipath Distance Vector
AP Access
Point
AQEC Adaptive
Quorum Based Energy Conserving
ARPA Advanced
Research Projects Agency
ARQ Automatic
Repeat Request
BREQ Bandwidth
Request
BREP Bandwidth
Reply
BRP Bandwidth
Reservation Protocol
CBR Constant
Bit Rate
CBRP Cluster
Based Routing Protocol
CGPM Communication
Grounded Power Management
CHG Clustered
Head Gateway Node
CQPS Consecutive
Quorum Based Power Saving Protocol
CSMA
Carries
Sense Multiple Access
DF Distance
Factor
DSDV Destination
Sequence Distance Vector
DSR Dynamic
Source Routing
EA Energy
Aware
ECBRP Efficient
Cluster Based Routing Protocol
ECMAC Energy
Conserving Medium Access Control
EF Energy
Factor
EPAR Efficient
Power Aware Routing
EOEDR Extended
Optimal Energy Drain Rate
ESSDSR Efficient
Energy Saving and Survival DSR
FAR Flow
Augmentation Routing
FEC Forward
Error Correction
FERA Fair end
to end Bandwidth Allocation
FSR Fisheye
State Routing
GA Genetic
Algorithm
GP Genetic
Programming
HARP Hybrid
Adhoc Routing Protocol
HQS Hyper
Quorum System
IEEE Institute
of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IP Internet
Protocol
NC Network
Centrality
NIC Network
Interface Card
LAMP
Location
Aware MAC Protocol
LAN Local
Area Network
LARI Location
Aided Routing Protocol
LEAR Localized
Energy Aware Routing
MAC Medium of
Access Control
MANET Mobile Adhoc
Network
MDR
Minimum
Drain Rate
MESDSR Modified Energy
Saving Dynamic Source Routing
MTPR Minimum
Transmission Power Routing
NCBPE Normalized
Current Best Performance
NS-2 Network
Simulator-2
ODMRP On Demand
Multicast Routing Protocol
OFAA Optimal
Fully Adaptive Asynchronous
OLSR Optimized
Link State Routing
OMM Online
Maximum Minimum
PAMAS Power Aware
Multi Access
PBRP Priority
Based Bandwidth Reservation Protocol
PDP
Partial
Dominant Prunning
PE Power
Equilibrium
PSO Particle
Swarm Optimization
QoS Quality
of Service
RF Radio
Frequency
RIP Routing
Information Protocol
SAGE Semi
Automatic Ground Environment
SHARP Sharp Hybrid
Adaptive Routing Protocol
SI Swarm
Intelligence
SIR Signal
to Interference Ratio
SP Signomial
Programming
SPPSO Small
Population PSO
SVM Static
Virtual Machine
TAODV Tactical On
Demand Distance Vector
TCP Transmission
Control Protocol
TF Traffic
Factor
TIRREP Time Interval
of RREP
TORA Temporary
Ordered Routing Algorithm
VANET Vehicular
Adhoc Network
WAN Wide Area
Network
WLAN Wireless
Local Area Network
WRP Wireless
Routing Protocol
ZRP Zone Routing Protocol
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a new network type which caters for the needs of the changing networking needs. It is the adhoc network of mobile devices. It is infrastructure less. Such networks may operate themselves or may be connected to the larger internet. Each device in MANET is free to move in any direction. The devices are being equipped with a router and must thus be in a position to transfer data whenever essential. The connection is, of course, wireless and the network may also be with limited range like LAN instead of connecting to the internet. The protocols to be used in MANET may differ, depending upon the capabilities of the devices, packet drop rate and other factors. There are various types of mobile adhoc networks depending on the location of these devices and the way in which they are used. Some of the popular types are (Attia, 2015):
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network): This is when the devices
are used to communicate between vehicles. It may also be used for communication
between vehicles and roadside equipment. It can be used to transfer between
newly web enabled devices on the road. IMANET: stands for internet based MANET.
These are mobile ad hoc networks which link to the gateway device for the
internet.
Energy-efficient broadcasting has been an attractive area of
research in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) characterized by high mobility and
limited battery capacity. Probabilistic and counter-based broadcast methods are
the proposed solutions suitable for high-mobility and secure MANET where the
knowledge of the updated global/local topology is difficult or impossible to
obtain.
In literature(Attia, 2016) several probabilistic and
deterministic MANET broadcasting methods have been proposed:
1) Probabilistic methods do not require explicit neighbour information and comprise probability-based flooding, counter-based flooding, and area-based flooding. Probability-based flooding is similar to simple flooding except that nodes rebroadcast messages with probability p. Counter-based flooding exploits the fact that node local density is directed proportional to the number of received packets within a given interval. During a waiting delay, a node counts the number of times it receives the same message and then it decides if the message should be rebroadcasted. In area based flooding, each node selects its farther neighbour to retransmit broadcast messages. These kinds of methods are generally efficient but require the knowledge of the neighbour positions.
IMPROVING POWER CHALLENGE IN QUALITY OF SERVICE OF MOBILE ADHOC NETWORK
