TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – i
Approval page – – – – – – – – – ii
Declaration – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – – v
Table of contents – – – – – – – – vii
List of tables – – – – – – – – xi
Abstract – – – – – – – – xii
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study – – – – – 1
- Statement of problem – – – – – – 2
- Objectives of the study – – – – – – 4
- Research questions – – – – – – – 4
- Research hypotheses – – – – – – – 5
- Scope of the study – – – – – – – 5
- Significance of the study – – – – – – 7
- Operational definition of terms – – –
References – – – – – – – – – 9
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Framework – – – – – 12
2.1.1 Definition of micro-credit – – – – – – 13
2.1.2 Micro-credit service providers – – – – – 13
2.1.3 Characteristics of micro-credit – – – – – 14
2.1.4 Micro-credit and the rural poor – – – – – 15
2.1.5 Micro-Finance – – – – – – – – 17
2.1.6 Features of micro-finance – – – – – – – 17
2.1.7 Benefits of micro-finance programs – – – – – 18
2.1.8 Goals of the microfinance banks – – – – 18
2.2 Theoretical Review – – – – – – 19
2.2.1 The evolution of micro-finance in Nigeria – – – – 19
2.2.2 Justification for the establishment of microfinance bank -22
2.2.3 Micro-financial challenges – – – – – – 22
2.2.3.1 Rate of interest – – – – – – – 23
2.2.3.2 High rate of defaults – – – – – – 23
2.2.3.3 Limited Outreach – – – – – 23
2.2.3.4 Lack of infrastructure and access to market – – – – 24
2.2.3.5 Diversion of loan to non-productive uses – – – – 24
2.2.3.6 Poor monetary policy – – – – – – 25
2.2.3.7 Inequitable distribution of wealth and income – – – 25
2.2.3.8 High cost of screening and recovering micro loans – – – 25
2.2.3.9 Lack of Experienced Credit Officers – – – – 25
2.2.3.10Problem of illiteracy – – – – – 25
2.2.3.11 Inadequate or non-monitoring of micro and small enterprises by banks thereby leading to default of facilities. – – 26
2.2.4 The micro-finance policy – – – – – – 26
2.2.4.1 An overview of the micro-finance policy – – – – 26
2.2.4.2 Micro-finance policy objectives – – – – – 26
2.2.4.3 Policy target of microfinance scheme – – – – 27
2.2.4.4 Policy strategies – – – – – – – 27
2.2.4.5 Millennium goals – – – – – – – 27
2.2.4.6 Principles for effective microfinance institution – – – 28
2.2.5 Policy measure instruments as framework for
microfinance banks – – 29
2.2.5.1 Ownership of microfinance banks – – – – – 29
2.2.5.2 Participants in the microfinance activities – – – – 30
2.2.6 The roles and responsibilities of stakeholders – – – 30
2.2.6.1 Government – – – – – – – 30
2.2.6.2 Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) – – – – 30
2.2.6.3 Microfinance institutions (MFIs) – – – – 31
2.2.6.4 Public sector poverty alleviation Agencies – – – – 31
2.2.6.5 Donor Agencies – – – – – 31
2.2.7 Framework for supervision of microfinance banks – – – 32
2.2.7.1 Licensing and supervision of microfinance banks – – – 32
2.2.7.2 Establishment of a national microfinance consultative
committee (NMFCC) 32
2.2.7.3 Credit reference bureau – – – – – – 32
2.2.7.4 Deposit insurance scheme – – – – – – 32
2.2.7.5 Management certification process – – – – – 32
2.2.7.6 Apex Associations of microfinance institutions – 33
2.2.7.7 Corporate Governance for microfinance banks – 33
2.2.8 Regulatory framework of microfinance institutions – – 33
2.2.8.1 Strengths regulatory framework of micro-finance institutions – 33
2.2.8.2 Weaknesses of Regulatory framework of microfinance institutions 34
2.2.9 Informal finance institutions in rural areas – – – – 34
2.2.9.1 Daily savings enterprises – – – – – – 35
2.2.9.2 Professional money lending scheme – – – – – 36
2.2.9.3 Rotating savings and credit Associations – – – 37
2.2.9.4 Family fund pool scheme – – – – – 39
2.2.9.5 The local moneylenders – – – – – 39
2.2.9.6 Social clubs and age grade association – – – 40
2.2.9.7 Tied Credit – – – – – – – 41
2.2.10 Development finance institutions and microfinance in Nigeria – 41
2.2.10.1Nigerian
Agricultural co-operative and rural development bank (NACRDB) 43
2.2.10.2Functions of NACRDB – – – – – – 44
2.2.10.3The bank of Industry (BOI) – – – – 44
2.2.10.4Failures of former Defunct Banks – – – – 46
2.2.11 The concept of rural economic growth in Nigeria – – – 47
2.2.12 The Effectiveness of microfinance in rural development – 48
2.2.13 Impact assessment of microfinance – – – 50
2.2.14 Arguments on loan default problem – – – – 53
2.3 Empirical Literature on Microfinance and Performance – 49
References – – – – – – – – – 52
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design – – – – – 59
3.2 Nature and Sources of Data – – – – 59
3.3 Population and Sample Size – – – – – 59
3.4 Description of Research Variables – – – 59
3.4.1 Independent Variable: – – – – – – 60
3.4.2 Dependent Variables – – – – – – 60
3.5 Technique for Data Analysis – – – – – – 61
3.6 Model Specification – – – – – – 61
References – – – – – – – – – 63
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – 64
4.2 Data presentation – – – – – – 64
4.3 Determination of Research variables – – – – 66
4.4 Test of Hypothesis – – – – – – 71
4.4.1 Test of Hypothesis One – – – – – 71
4.4.2 Test of Hypothesis Two – – – – – 72
4.4.3 Test of hypothesis Three – – – – – 73
References – – – – – – – 74
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of findings – – – – – – 75
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – 75
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – 76
5.4 Contributions to Knowledge – – – – – 77
5.5 Suggestions for further research studies – – – 77
Bibliography – – – – – – 78
Appendix – – – – – – 87
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Nominal Values of Model Data – – – 64
Table 4.2 Determination of Microfinance Activities – – – 66
Table 4.3 Determination of Agricultural Contribution to GDP — 67
Table 4.4 Determination of Rural Savings – – – 69
Table 4.5 Determination of Rural Poverty — – 70
Table 4.6 E-view Regression Results – – – 71
Table 4.7 E-view Regression Results – – – 72
Table 4.8 E-view Regression Results – – 73
ABSTRACT
This study examines the impact of microfinance activities on rural economic growth in Nigeria for the period: 2000-2015; the introduction of microfinance banks is the inability of commercial banks to provide sufficient credit, savings and other financial services to the poor and so have taken up the challenges of the gap created by them; the primary objective is to investigate the impact of microfinance on rural economic growth in Nigeria with the specific objective of examining and evaluating the impact on agricultural contribution to GDP, rural saving and poverty reduction; literature was reviewed along the line of conceptual framework, theoretical and empirical literature; methodology adopted used the ordinary least square (OLS) regression technique to estimate the hypotheses, values of aggregate loan and advances to aggregate deposit ratio was used as proxy for microfinance activities and adopted as the independent variable while the dependent variables include agricultural sector contributions to gross domestic product (GDP), rural savings (RS) and poverty index (PI); Data analysis considered three hypotheses and the result from the study reveals that regression coefficient of microfinance activity is negative in explaining agricultural contribution to GDP and rural poverty but positive and significant in explaining rural savings in Nigeria; based on these findings, the study recommends that conscious effort showed be made by government to industrialize rural areas as a means of improving rural economic growth; microfinance institutions should be encouraged to lend to rural dwellers as a way of promoting rural saving habits in Nigeria while policies related to agricultural diversification should be intensified by government in combating the menace of poverty in Nigeria.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Over the past three decades, there has
been growing awareness of the spatial dimension in the development of the rural
areas especially in developing countries where rural communities have earlier
experienced decades of neglect (Olawepo and Ariyo, 2011). There is therefore
special interest in the accelerating processes of rural community
transformation by various governments in the areas of poverty alleviation,
provision of rural infrastructure such as health and medical facilities,
electricity, pipe borne water. Schools; agricultural extension and in the
development of micro finance establishments that will affect the lives of the
rural investors and community organizations. Based on these and other
strategies, the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 1990 established an economic
policy that would encourage the extension of banking business to the rural area
of the country in order to mobilize rural savings. This was aimed at
development and fostering rural transformation(Ariyo, 2003 and Olawepo, 2004). The whole idea of rural banking
stemmed from a realization of the abundant resources available in the rural
areas, the need to channel these resources to production and make such business
activities contribute to economic development shifted research focus and government
policy to promoting rural banking habit. An increase in rural investment as a
result of provision of loans and advances will gear up output level and this
will in turn raise the consumption level and possibly improve accessibility to
public good s and services within the rural environment (See Direvedi, 1980;
Adedayo, 1983; Jenyo, 2002 and Olawepo 2004).
According to Smith and Yeboah, (2005), throughout
most of the post World War IIperiod,
government across the developing world have intervened in rural financial
markets in order promote income expansion and alleviate rural poverty. In many
of these efforts especially during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, the authorities
pursued the direct credit approach which is targeted at increasing production
or adopting new technologies without external assistance in the form of credit
since they were assumed to be too poor to save. But private banks could not
lend on appropriate terms to this sector and thus farmers were forced into the
hand of money lenders This Development lead to the establishment of government
owned specialized institutions like Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme to
provide subsidized credit to the target population.
By the early 1990s two general
approaches to financial market reform had taken shape. The first was known as
financial liberalization and the second the financial system development Approach. The goal of rural
financial market reform was to expand access to financial services and
efficiency of financial intermediation Restrictive government polices was said
to be the principal cause of the shallow, fragmented and inefficient financial
systems plaguing many developing countries (Mckinnon 1973).
To enhance the efficiency of the
financial system and to create more access to financial services for
marginalized groups, the prescription was liberalize the financial system by
eliminating restrictions on interest rates, mandatory sector credit allocations
and credit ceilings (Pill and Pradhan, 1997; African Development Bank, 1994;
and Aryeetey et al, 1997).
Today the task of taking the financial
system and the entire economy to the next level is squarely placed on financial
system strategy 2020. The blue print of financial system strategy is to
reposition the country to one of twenty largest economies in the world. The
objectives were articulated strategies to make Nigeria the financial hub of
Africa, join the league of the top 20 economies and build financial institutions
that are global players.
Above all, there can be no meaningful discussion of Nigerian’s rural economy without due consideration of crucial role of not only Agriculture that has remained largest revenue earners for Nigerian living in rural area but also those engage in small scale business such as pottery, weaving, carving, tool making, trading hairdressers, photographers, welders , bakery, small and medium scale enterprises’ have been fully recognized by government and development experts as the main engine of economic growth and a major factor in promoting the realization of FSS2020, improve standard of living of rural populaces, bring local capital formation, achieve high level of productivity and capacity and act as principal catalyst for achieving equitable and sustainable industrial diversification.
IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
