TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
Page
Approval
– – – – – – – – ii
Certification
– – – – – – – – iii
Dedication
– – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgements
– – – – – – – – v
Table
of contents – – – – – – – – – vi
List
of figures – – – – – – – – – – vii
List
of Tables – – – – – – – – – viii
List
of Appendices – – – – – – – – – ix
Abstract
– – – – – – – – x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study – – – – – – – –
1
Statement
of Problem – – – – – – – –
2
Purpose
of the Study – – – – – – – –
4
Research
Questions – – – – – – – 4
Significance
of the Study – – – – – – – –
4
Scope
of the Study – – – – – – – –
5
Operational
Definition of Terms – – – – – 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
- Conceptual Review – – – – – – – – 6
- Concept of Various Infant Feeding Options
Available
Among
HIV Positive Mothers – – – –
– – 6
- Factors Influencing Choices of Infant Feeding Options Among HIV Positive Mothers; – – – – – – 9
- Socio-Demographic Factors – – – – – – 11
- Maternal Factors – – – – – – – – 11
- Infant Factors – – – – – – – – 14
- Health System Factors – – – – – – – 15
- Theoretical Review – – – – – – – 19
- Application of the Theory to the Study – – – – 20
- Empirical Review – – – – – – – 23
- Summary of Literature Review – – – – – 29
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS
Research
Design – – – – – – – –
41
Study
Area – – – – – – – 41
Population
of the Study – – – – – – – –
42
Sample
– – – – – –
– 42
Inclusion criteria – – – – – – – – 42
Sampling
Procedure – – – – – –
– 42
Instrument
for Data Collection – – – – – – 42
Validity
of the Instrument – – – – – –
– 43
Reliability
of the Instrument – – – – – – – 43
Ethical
Consideration – – – – – – – –
43
Procedure
for Data Collection – – – – – – – 43
Method
of Data Analysis – – – – – – – 44
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF
RESULTS
Demographic
Distribution of the Respondents – – – 45
Summary
of Findings – – – – – – – –
58
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF
FINDINGS
Discussion
of major Findings – – – – – – – 59
Implication
of the Findings – – – – – – – 61
Limitations
of the Study – – – – – – – –
61
Summary – – – – – – – 62
Conclusion – – – – – – – 63
Recommendations – – – – – – – – 63
Suggestions
for Further Studies – – – – – – – 64
REFERENCES – – – – – – 65
APPENDICES – – – – – – – – –
74
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:
Adopted model of Mercer’s Maternal Role Attainment of Becoming a Mother
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Socio demographic factors 56
Table 2: Maternal factors 58
Table 3: Infant factors 59
Table 4: Health system factors 60
APPENDICES
Appendix Title Page
- Questionnaire – – – – 75-77
- Informed consent – – – – 78
- Reliability (Spearson-Brown correlation coefficient) 79
- Chi-square statistics – – – 80-110
- Identification letter – – – 111
- Certificate of Ethical approval – – – – 112
ABSTRACT
The
survey study was conducted on factors influencing the choice of infant feeding
options among HIV positive mothers attending health facilities in Ogoja, Cross
River State. The purpose was to investigate factors influencing the choice of
infant feeding options among HIV positive mothers in Ogoja, Cross River State.
Four objectives and four research questions were used to guide the study. Literatures
were reviewed. The population for the study was all HIV positive mothers
attending health facilities in Ogoja from January-December 2011-2013, with a
total of 136 registered HIV positive mothers. There was no sampling because the
total population was included in the study. The instrument for data collection
was questionnaire with two sections. Section A had 8 items on socio-demographic
characteristics. Section B was made up of 10 items rating scale of Yes and No. Data
was analyzed using chi-square statistics. Result revealed that marital status (x2=
20.924, p<.00), religious status (x2 = 14.972, p<.05),
maternal health condition (x2 =12.436, p<.02), limited time to
breastfeed baby because of work (x2 =11.065, p<.04) and baby’s
refusal to take breast milk (x2 = 18.318, p<.00) significantly
influenced HIV positive mothers’ choice of infant feeding options. Major
findings reveal that marital status, religious status, maternal health
condition, limited time to breast feed baby because of work and baby’s refusal
to take breast milk had significant influence on infant feeding options. Based
on the findings it was recommended that HIV positive mothers should be
sensitized by HIV/PMTCT counselors with necessary knowledge for the choice of infant
feeding options.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) is a
chronic, health problem with symptoms appearing anytime from several months to
years. HIV is found among all known populations of the world, including the
embryonic population (unborn babies) and the breastfed babies. World Health
Organization, (WHO, 2011) revealed that more than eleven million people
worldwide had died of AIDS, while another 3.6 million of people are already
infected with HIV, with a daily
infection rate of over 16,000 people globally. It was observed by Anyebe, Whiskey,
Ajayi, Garba, Ochigbo and Lawal (2011) that by 2002, 42 million people had been
infected with HIV/AIDS globally, 38.6 million of them were adults of which 19.2
million were women. More than 3 million children below the age of 15 were infected
worldwide within the same period with about 5 million new infections being
recorded yearly. Nearly two thirds of these are in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Globally, an estimated 600,000 children are infected vertically (in utero) each
year, while in places where women do not breastfeed, most of the transmission
occurs at the time of labor and delivery, (Okon, 2011).
In Nigeria where most women breastfeed,
there is an additional risk. About 800,000 were infected out of 5.8 million in
2003 were infants and children of which 90% of these got infected through their
mothers, occurring at three levels; antepartum, intrapartum and breastfeeding
(Okon, 2011). There is no cure for HIV currently available, but prevention of
mother to child transmission (PMTCT) appears to be the most important
intervention (Family Health International, 2004). American international health
alliance (AIHA, 2008) in Ajayi, Hellandendu and Odekunle (2011) posited that
‘’there is no cure for HIV, but prevention of verti
