TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
Page – – – – – – – – – i
Certification
– – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – — – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – – iv
Table
of Content – – – – – – – – vi
Abstract
– – – – – – – – – – ix
CHAPTER ONE
- Background of the study – – – – – – – 1
- Statement of the Problem – – – – – – – 3
- Research Questions – – – – – – – – 4
- Objectives of the Study – – – – – – – 4
- Hypothesis of the Study – – – – – – – 5
- Significance of the Study – – – – – – – 5
- Scope of the Study – – – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 7
2.1 Conceptual
Framework – – – – – – – 7
2.1.1 Exchange Rate Management
in Nigeria – – – – 9
2.1.2 Balance of Payment
in Nigeria – – – – – – 12
2.2 Theoretical
Framework – – – – – – – 14
2.2.1Theories of
Exchange Rate – – – – – – – 15
2.2.2 Theories of Balance
of Payment – – – – – – 17
2.3 Empirical
Literature – – – – – – – – 20
2.4 Limitation of
Previous Studies – – – – – – 23
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Theoretical
Framework – – – – – – – 24
3.2 Methodology- –
– – – – – – – – 24
3.3 Model Specification – – – – – – – – 24
3.4 Method of
Evaluation – – – – – – – – 26
3.4.1 Preliminary Tests – – – – – – – – 26
3.4.2 Stationarity
(Unit Root) Test – – – – – – 26
3.4.3 Co-integration
Test – – – – – – – – 26
3.4.4 Error Correction
Mechanism – – – – – – 27
3.4.5 Economic Test of
Significance (A Priori Test) – – – 27
3.4.6 Statistical Test
of Significance (First Order Test) – – – 28
3.4.7Test for Goodness
of Fit – – – – – – – 28
3.4.8 t-Test of
Significance – – – – – – – 28
3.4.9 f-Test of
Significance – – – – – – – 29
3.4.10 Econometric Test
of Significance (Second Order Test) – – 29
3.4.11 Autocorrelation
Test: Autocorrelation Test – – – – 29
3.4.12 Normality test – – – – – – – – 30
3.4.13 Granger
Causality Test – – – – – – – 30
3.5 Data Required and
Sources – – – – – – – 31
3.6 Economic Package
Used – – – – – – – 32
CHAPTER
FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSES OF RESULT
4.1 The Empirical
Results – – – – – – – 33
4.1.1 Unit Root Test
Results – – – – – – – 33
4.1.2 Co-integration
Test Result – – – – – – 34
4.1.3 Error Correction
Mechanism Result – – – – – 35
4.2 Regression Result – – – – – – – – 36
4.3 Evaluation of
Regression Results – – – – – – 37
4.3.1 Evaluation Based
on Economic Criterion – – – – 37
4.3.2 Evaluation Based
On Statistical Criterion – – – – 38
4.3.2.1 R2 –Result
and Interpretation – – – – – – 38
4.3.2.2 t–Test Result and Interpretation – – – – – 38
4.3.2.3 Result of f–Test of Significance – – – – – 39
4.3.3 Evaluation Based on Econometric Criterion – – – – 39
4.3.3.1 Result and Interpretation of Autocorrelation Test – – 39
4.3.3.2 Result and
Interpretation of Normality Test – – – – 40
4.3.3.3 Granger
Causality Test: Result and Interpretation – – – 41
4.4 Evaluation of
Research Hypotheses – – – – – 42
4.4.1 Hypotheses one – – – – – – – – – 42
4.4.2 Hypothesis two – – – – – – – – 42
4.4.3 Hypotheses three – – – – – – – – – 42
4.5 Implication of the
Results – – – – – – – 42
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of
Findings- – – – – – – – 44
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 44
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – – 44
References – – – – – – – – – – 46
Appendix I — – – – – – – – – – 49
Appendix II – – – – – – – – – – 51
Appendix III – – – – – – – – – 52
Appendix IV – – – – – – – – – 53
Appendix V – – – – – – – – – – 54
Appendix VI- – – – – – – – – – 55
Appendix VII – – – – – – – – – 56
Appendix VIII – – – – – – – – – 57
Appendix IX – – – – – – – – – 58
Appendix X – – – – – – – – – – 59
Appendix Xi – – – – – – – – – 60
ABSTRACT
The study investigates empirically the impact of Exchange Rate on Balance of Payment in Nigeria. The broad objective of this study is; to determine the impact of exchange rate on Balance of Payment in Nigeria within the periods of 1981 to 2015. Annual time series data on Exchange Rate, Trade Openness, Import, Export and Balance of Payment from the Central Bank of Nigeria covering the period 1981 – 2015 were utilized. A model was constructed to incorporate Balance of Payment as the dependent variable, and exchange rate, Import, Export and trade openness as the independent variables and tested using the Ordinary least Square (OLS) Methods. The Stationarity (Unit roots) status of the series was examined using the appropriate statistics. Some of the assumptions of the OLS models were also tested to avoid spurious regression