EFFECT OF HAZARDOUS METROPOLIS FLOODING AND URBAN ECOLOGY IN LAGOS STATE
Abstract
Against the background of incessant occurrence of flood and its devastating impacts on residents, the research focused on the effects of flood in effect of hazardous metropolis flooding and urban ecology in lagos state. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire from the respondents. A total of two hundred fifty (250) questionnaires were administered to the respondents in the study areas. The questionnaires were distributed using the systematic random technique at interval of ten housing units. Data collected were analyzed through the use of descriptive statistical analysis such as cross-tabulation and frequency. The study reveals that the major cause of flood in the study area was the non-functionality of the drainage system (65.89%) or total absence of the drainage system (37.68%) as the case may be. Also, high rainfall (65.22%) and dumping of waste into the drainage and water bodies (44.93%) have contributed to the regular occurrence of flood in the area. The regular re-occurrence of flood in the area has also been detrimental to the health of the residents of Area. The study recommends enforcement of environmental laws that will restrict dumping of waste into the water body and sponsoring of public awareness and educative programs on how man’s activities has contributed to flood occurrence. Also, the repair and construction of drainage system should also be sponsored by the government at various level as well as proper channelization of river bodies to prevent overflow during heavy downpour. This will undoubtedly control its occurrence.HAZARDOUS METROPOLIS FLOODING
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to study
Statement of the Problem
Objective of the study
Research Questions
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Limitation of the study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
CONCEPTUAL REVIEW
Causes of flood
Effect of flood
Flood Risk Mitigation
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theory and Thoughts of Sustainable Development
Theory and Thoughts of Climate Change
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
Data Sources
Sampling design and procedure
Sample size
Data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
Objective one: Causes of flood
Objective two: Availability of drainage and its condition
Objective three: Flood induced by man’s activities
Objective four: Effects of flood incidence
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
Recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE TEMPLATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to study
The complexity of anthropogenic activities of man without adequate attention to geological structure of most cities of developed and developing nations has undoubtedly contributed to reoccurrence of disaster and consequently poses threat to environmental sustainability in most of these nations (Oludare et al., 2018). This irrefutably has led or accumulated to unresolved challenges. Among the unresolved challenges being faced are vicious flood incidences experienced in the last four decades. The occurrence is stern in third world countries where there is intensity in land use, haphazard development, and unprecedented urbanization among others. According to Adeyinka et al. (2008, p. 1) “Most of these cities are also characterized by uncontrolled development , substandard and inadequate housing, poor infrastructure provision and development, poor planning process and administration, weak urban governance, poor land use structure resulting to slum…’’. These plethora of problems are bedeviling cities of third world countries and Nigeria in particular.HAZARDOUS METROPOLIS FLOODING
Consequently, there has been unprecedented occurrence of floods and its associated negativities in most of the urban centers of developing countries (Montoya Morales, 2002). For instance, in Nigeria, reports have shown that devastating flood disaster had occurred in Ibadan (1985, 1987, 1990, and 2011), Osogbo (1992, 1996, 2002, and 2010), Yobe (2000), Akure (1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2006) and the coastal cities of Lagos, Ogun, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Uyo, Warri among others (Olaniran, 1983). This claimed many lives and properties worth millions of Naira.
Several anthropogenic factors have contributed to the incidence of flood. Among these factors is the encroachment of development to flood prone areas. The incursion into such areas have being progressive until now because of unprecedented urbanization and industrialization which has undoubtedly resulted into large scale massive deforestation, loss of surface vegetation and farmlands.
According to Okechuckwu (2008 p. 272); “the incursion of unplanned and uncontrolled development into urban infrastructure facilities, violate the major objectives of physical planning and consequently result into misuse of land thereby creating disorderly arrangement of urban landscape and the occurrence flood that is mostly evident in cities of third world countries”. Arising from these incongruous and haphazard developments in cities of third world cities, the occurrence of flood, particularly in Lagos, has been known to be paramount to some areas or local government in the state. HAZARDOUS METROPOLIS FLOODING
According to Oyebande (1990) water will always find its way if not well channelized. Its choice route often poses problems to man by tampering with his physical environment, health and products of agriculture, urbanization and industrialization. This has created a lot of social and economic cost on the environment and the citizenry. Few among these social and economic impacts on the environment are: outbreak of health diseases, infrastructure failure, mental health effects, building collapse, destruction of agricultural farmland and products.HAZARDOUS METROPOLIS FLOODING
Flood has been reported as a major and devastating problem in some sectors of the economy (Petak and Atkisson, 1982). Its effects are very severe to virtually all forms of land use. The severity of its impact is also reflected on the rate of development of most nations that experience such. Thus if adequate attention in terms of preventive measures are not put in place towards controlling its sporadic occurrence and its associated impacts particularly during rainy season, its incidence can turn a developed nation back into a developing nation.HAZARDOUS METROPOLIS FLOODING
EFFECT OF HAZARDOUS METROPOLIS FLOODING AND URBAN ECOLOGY IN LAGOS STATE
