TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page
……………………………………………………………………………i
Certification
…………………………………………………………………………..ii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………iii
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………iv
Table of
contents …………………………………………………………………..v
List of tables
……………………………………………………………………..viii
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………ix
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
- Background………………………………………………………………….1
- Statement of the problem……………………………………………………3
- Objectives of the study………………………………………………………4
- Justification………………………………………………………………….4
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1 Metabolizable energy
………………………………………………………….6
2.1.1 Apparent metabolizable energy
………………………………………………..8
2.1.2 True metabolizable energy
…………………………………………………….8
2.2 Merits of true metabolizable energy assay
…………………………………10
2.3 Assumptions of metabolizable energy
…………………………………….11
2.4 Sources of error in true metabolizable energy assay ………12
2.5 Factors affecting metabolizable energy
…………………………………………13
2.5.1 Species of birds ……………………………………………………………13
2.5.2 Age of birds …………………………………………………………………13
2.5.3 Sex of birds …………………………………………………………………14
2.5.4 Feed input
…………………………………………………………………….14
2.5.5 Pelleted and mashed diets
…………………………………………………15
2.5.6 Acclimatization to change of diets
…………………………………………15
2.5.7 Starvation period …………………………………………………………..16
2.5.8 Nutrient deficiency …………………………………………………………16
2.5.9 Excreta collection period
……………………………………………………..17
2.6 Endogenous energy losses
………………………………………………………17
2.7 Nitrogen retention …………………………………………………………18
2.8 Feedstuffs under investigation
……………………………………………….19
2.8.1 Rice milling waste………………………………………………………….19
2.8.2 Maize pap waste ……………………………………………………………19
2.9 Feed conversion ratio
………………………………………………………20
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and methods
3.1 Location ……………………………………………………………………22
3.2 Materials ……………………………………………………………………22
3.3 Experimental birds and management
………………………………………23
3.3.1 Experiment I………………………………………………………………..24
3.3.2 Experiment II ………………………………………………………………24
3.3.3 Experimental diets …………………………………………………………25
3.4 Experimental procedure
……………………………………………………29
3.5 Excreta collection
…………………………………………………………….30
3.6 Gross energy
determination………………………………………………………………..31
3.7 Nutrient retention study……………………………………………………32
3.8 Carcass and organ evaluation
………………………………………………33
3.9.1 Data collection and parameters measured
………………………………………33
3.9.2 Parameters calculated
………………………………………………………33
3.10 Proximate analysis of the diets and excreta
…………………………………..35
3.11 Statistical analysis………………………………………………………….35
CHAPTER FOUR: Results and discussion
4.1 Results………………………………………………………………………37
4.1.1 Metabolizable energy contents of maize pap and
rice milling waste………37
4.1.2 Growth performance of broilers fed graded levels of MPW……38
4.1.3 Apparent nutrient retention of broilers fed
graded levels of MPW……………39
4.1.4 Carcass and organ characteristics of broilers
fed graded levels of MPW….39
4.1.5 Growth
performance of broilers fed graded levels of RMW……………………..41
4.1.6 Apparent nutrient retention of broilers fed
graded levels of RMW…………..42
4.1.7 Carcass and organ characteristics of broilers
fed graded levels of RMW…..42
4.2 Discussion…………………………………………………………………..44
4.2.1 Apparent metabolizable energy and true metabolizable energy….…44
4.2.2 Live weight gain……………………………………………………………44
4.2.3 Feed intake…………………………………………………………………45
4.2.4 Feed conversion ratio………………………………………………………45
- Feed
cost per weight gain…………………………………………………..46
4.2.6 Proximate analysis………………………………………………………….47
4.2.7 Apparent nutrient
retention………………………………………………..47
4.2.8 Carcass and organ
evaluation………………………………………………48
CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………49
5.2 Recommendation
……………………………………………………………..50
References
………………………………………………………………………..51
LIST OF TABLES
Table
page
1a. Percentage composition of the starter diets containing MPW …………26
1b. Percentage composition of the finisher diets containing MPW ……..27
2a. Percentage composition of the starter diets containing RMW ….28
2b. Percentage composition of the finisher diets containing RMW ……..29
3. Composition of vitamin and mineral
premix…………………………….…….30
4. Quantity of excreta voided per bird within the period of 30 hours …32
5. Gross energy of the feedstuffs
…………………………………………………33
6.
Gross energy, apparent metabolizable energy and true metabolizable
energy…37
7. Performance of broiler birds fed varying levels of MPW for eight weeks … ……………… ………………………………………… ………………………… ….38
8. Effect of diets containing MPW on nutrient retention of broiler birds ……… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… …39
9. Effect of dietary levels of MPW on carcass quality and organ characteristics of broiler birds…………………………40
10. Proximate
composition of starter and finisher diets containing MPW…………..40
11. Performance of broiler birds fed varying levels of RMW for eight weeks … ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ..41
12. Effect of diets containing RWW on nutrient retention of broiler birds …… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… …..42
13. Effect of dietary levels of RMW on carcass quality and organ characteristics of broiler birds…… ……………………………43
14. Proximate composition of starter and finisher diets containing RMW.…… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… …..43
ABSTRACT
An
experiment was conducted to determine the metabolizable energy of maize pap
waste (MPW) and rice milling waste (RMW) using adult male broiler birds.
Eighteen male adult broiler birds were used in the experiment. Eight birds were
assigned to each of the feedstuff with two birds left unfed which served as the
negative control. Each of the samples was ground, made into slurry and force-fed
to sixteen 10-week old finisher broiler birds that had been starved for 30
hours. The droppings were collected quantitatively, dried and the gross energy
was determined in a bomb calorimeter. The results show that the gross energy,
apparent and true metabolizable energy of MPW (4.01, 2.60 and 3.03kcal/g) were
significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of RMW (2.94, 0.8 and 1.09kcal/g),
respectively. Prior to the determination of the true metabolizable energy, two
experiments were conducted concurrently to evaluate the effects of feeding
graded levels of MPW and RMW on the performance of broiler birds. A total of
one hundred and forty-four 2-week old broiler birds with average weight of 330g
were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20 and 30%
MPW and RMW, respectively. The effect of treatments on the final body weight
(FBW), average daily weight gain (DWG), average daily feed intake (DFI), feed
conversion ratio (FCR), feed cost per weight gain FC/WG, carcass quality and
organ characteristics were determined. Differences in DFI and ADG were not
significant (P>0.05). Similarly, the FBW of broilers fed the 0, 10, 20 and
30% MPW (3520g, 3470g and 3500g, respectively) and RMW (3345g, 3329g, 3337g and
3330g, respectively) diets were found to be comparable (P>0.05) within the
different groups. However, feed cost per unit weight gain decreased
significantly with increasing levels of MPW and RMW in the diets. The lower
feed cost per kilogram meat produced on 30% MPW and RMW diets suggest that the
wastes are economically viable alternative energy sources. It was concluded
that at up to the 30% inclusion level of MPW and RMW in the diets, FBW and FCR
were not significantly affected (P>0.05). However, the financial return was
positively affected (P<0.05) at this level.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Livestock industry in Nigeria is
ridden with myriad of problems, which have resulted to a gross shortage of meat
and other animal products (Nworgu, 2002). The animal protein intake shortages
in Nigeria
observed in the early 1970s has progressively worsened till date. The protein
intake of an average Nigerian is about 53.8g with only 6.0 – 8.4g per caput per
day of animal origin (Egbunike, 1997). CBN (2003) revealed that North America, Western and Eastern European countries
consume 66, 39 and 33g of animal protein per head per day respectively; while
an average Nigerian consumes 7.5g which is below the recommended level of 27g
per caput per day. The sub-optimal consumption of animal protein by a large
percentage of Nigerian population has challenged not only livestock farmers,
but also researchers and policy makers.
Poultry industry is one
of the major sources of animal protein and offers the potential for bridging
the protein deficiency gap existing in the country. However, the inadequate
supply of several grains and protein concentrates for poultry feeding and the
keen competition between man and animal for same have become the major obstacle
in poultry industry development in Nigeria (PAN, 1985; Ologhobo,
1992). Feed constitute the dominant input in animal production ranging from
65-75% of the total cost of production. Similarly, feed ingredients account for
over 90% of compound feed industry. Therefore, the relationship between feed
ingredient and animal product output is both direct and obvious. To depend on
alternative sources of ingredients, especially when it encourages a shift to
ingredients for which there is less competition, may help if the later is cheap
and sufficiently available (Oluyemi and Roberts, 1979). The future of efficient
and profitable poultry production would, therefore, depend on finding cheaper
and alternative energy and protein sources to conventional protein and energy
feed ingredients.
Recently,
much effort is being made to find the possibilities of utilizing
agro-industrial by-products in poultry nutrition (Henuk and Dingle, 2003). This
could lead to the reduction in the use of conventional feed ingredients such as
maize, soybean, sorghum, groundnut, wheat etc (El Boushy and Van der Poel,
2000) and help reduce pollution problems, decrease feed cost and increase
livestock production.
Agro-industrial
by-products in Nigeria
vary from primary processing of farm produce wastes to wastes from agro-allied
industries. Some of these wastes are left unutilized, which often cause
environmental pollution and hazard. Those that are utilized do not have their
full potentials harnessed. Agro-industrial by-products which can be of
tremendous use in the livestock industry for feeding animals include maize pap
waste and rice milling waste etc.
Since energy is one of the most expensive segments
of a poultry ration, accurate knowledge of the available energy content of
feedstuffs is necessary to formulate the most economical least-cost rations and
to achieve profitable production. Supplying adequate energy to birds is one of
the most important aspects of successful management program. It is by knowing
and meeting the nutrient requirements of the bird that their full genetic
potentialities can be realized.
Apparent
metabolizable energy (AME) is the most widely used method for evaluating
poultry feedstuffs for available energy. However, since Sibbald (1976)
developed a bioassay for true metabolizable energy (TME), a considerable amount
of research has been conducted to investigate the assay’s applicability.
Sibbald’s method has several advantages over the previous AME assays. It is
simple, rapid, and inexpensive. Besides its reported flexibility,
reproducibility, and data quality (Sibbald, 1976), the TME assay can be
extended to measure bioavailable amino acids (Likuski and Dorrel, 1979;
Sibbald, 1979) and lipids (Sibbald and Kramer, 1978) in feedstuffs.
Although literature is replete of the importance of
energy in poultry nutrition, there are two feedstuffs of regional interest that
require evaluation for their nutrient composition especially their energy
content. For such feedstuffs, knowledge of their available energy will enhance
their usefulness in poultry feeding.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
DETERMINATION OF THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF SOME NON-CONVENTIONAL AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS
