TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval Page iii
Certification page iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Table contents vii
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study 1
Statement of the problem 8
Purpose of the study 9
Research Questions 9
Significance of the study 9
Scope of the study 11
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 12
Conceptual Framework 13
University Library 13
Library Circulation 14
Application of software in Library 18
The Need for Software in University Library 20
Software use in Nigeria university libraries 26
System development Approach 29
Theoretical Framework 31
Review of related Empirical studies 32
Summary of the Literature Review 36
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH
METHOD
Design of the Study 38
Area of the Study 39
Population of the Study 39
Sample and Sampling Technique 40
Instrument for Data Collection 40
Validation of the Instrument 41
Method of Data Collection 41
Method of Data Analysis 42
CHAPTER FOUR: Presentation of Results 43
Summary of Major Findings 49
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Recommendation and Conclusion 51
Discussion of Findings 51
Implications of the Study 55
Development and Validation of Library Circulation Software Package 56
Recommendations 64
Suggestion for Further Studies 64
Limitation of the Study 65
Conclusion 66
Summary 66
References 71
Appendix A: software Software adopted by some Nigerian Libraries 75 Appendix B: Area of the study 76
Appendix C: Questionaire 77
Appendix D: Development Processes 81
Abstract
The aim of this study was to
investigate the development and validation of circulation software package for
university libraries in Federal Universities of North Central Zone, Nigeria..
Specifically, five purposes and three research questions guided the study.
Related literature was reviewed under conceptual framework, theoretical
framework and related empirical studies. The study adopted descriptive survey
at first after which it will adopt Research and Development (R&D). The
study was carried out in North Central Zone, it has population of 155
comprising librarians and other library personnel who have worked in circulation department from seven federal
university libraries in the zone. The study used purposive sampling technique
to sample 108 librarians and other library personnel. From the above population
one hundred and eight (108) questionnaires were distributedfilled and returned; representing a return rate of 70%. The data
collected were analysed using descriptive statistics of frequency tables and
mean scores. And the decision rule for research questions one through three was
based on whether the mean score value was lower than or equal to and above the
criterion mean value of 2.50 for either rejection or acceptance. The findings
of the study shows: that federal university libraries under study to high
extent employ manual procedures in carrying out basic circulation functions
such as registering users at the circulation Desk,
charging out items to users at circulation Desk, Discharging and renewing items
to users at the circulation desk. The study revealed that majority of
the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that Fast report generation is not
possible, Tracing a book on the library shelf
is difficult, Information about issue/return of the books are not
properly maintained, No central database
can be created as information is not available in database, Difficulty in
determining if a patron has overdue, the manual charging was characterized by
long queues and unnecessary delays, manual card systems basically provide just one access point, the due date is on a
card that has been lost, It is possible
to have two (or more!) cards for each item, Waste the users time, The process
is cumbersome and Inefficiency in service delivery. Finally, the finding also
shows that majority of the respondents have little or no skill in Software
design, Software installation/operations, Web design, Digitization and imaging
technology, Online cataloguing(MARC) and OCR Devices classification (NLM). It
also revealed that respondents have low skill in automated circulation system
and System analysis and design. However, the table indicated that most of the
respondents have a very high skill in MSOffice, Database searching technique
and Transformation of data. Recommendations were made as follows; Libraries
should encourage the production of local library application software by patronizing
them and even be part of the software development, there is need for constant
training and re-training of staff in the proper handling of Information and
Communication Technology equipment and process so as not to run in to trouble,
staff such as programmers, analysts, and operators should be employed to handle
the computer system and train the librarians on basic trouble shooting, ICT
facilities and other equipment should be made available for staff at the
circulation desk, white the outdated ones should be replaced and each
university library should have a stand-by generator and UPS to guard
against power failure and its damage of
the automation equipment. The project development of library circulation Software package that was developed based on the findings of initial
descriptive survey carried out to manage the daily book transaction and manage the member,
books record more efficiently to improve management of the book property in the library. This library
circulation Software package is mainly use by librarian, library admin
and users. Besides that, library circulation Software package also allows user
to search for availability of books by Title, Author and ISBN via World Wide
Web. The methodology adopted to
develop this system is waterfall
model. Thus, the work chapters
included system planning, requirement analysis,
system design, programming,
system and testing, of the project.
The software is available on-line via http//
www.libcsp.com
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
University libraries are essential
contributors to knowledge generation and serve a wide spectrum of knowledge
seekers. In fact, university libraries have
been described as the “heart” of the university, because they provide
a place for students and faculty to do their research and advance their
knowledge. The fundamental role of any university
library is to collect, process, store, disseminate and utilize information to
provide services to the academic and research community. Librarians and library staff provide numerous services, ranging
from acquisition, cataloguing, circulation serial and reference services to
their users in order to address their diverse needs and interests. Both the faculty and students depend heavily on the library for
information that is necessary in pursuing their individual and collective goals
(Agyen-Gyasiel.al., 2010).
University libraries have different
categories of users’ namely the academic staff (i.e. lecturers), undergraduate
students, post graduate students, research fellows, administrative staff,
alumni among others. Ifidon and Okoli (2002) note that
universities have five (5) functions: Pursuit, promotion, and dissemination of
knowledge; Provision of intellectual leadership; Manpower development;
Promotion of social and economic modernization; Promotion of intra- and
inter-continental and international understanding. From these functions,
university libraries have derived their objectives to include, Provision of
materials for undergraduate instruction, term papers, and Projects, as well as
for supplementary reading through Circulation Department, provision of
materials in support of faculty, external and collaborative research; provision
of expensive standard works, especially in the professional disciplines,
provision of materials for personal development,
provision of specialized information on the region within which the University
is situated and Cooperation with other university libraries with a view to
developing a network of University library resources that is at the disposal of
all scholars.
Similarly, the Circulation Department in a library
is the department assigned the responsibility for keeping that “orderly
movement through a circuit” orderly, flowing, and complete. The Department’s
basic function is to, Facilitate and monitor the circulation of books from the
regular collection; the department is usually responsible for circulating some
books from other collections and for circulating non-book materials, the
reserve book operation, in which books are circulated from a closed collection
for limited time periods, is also often assigned to the circulation department
in some university libraries and the circulation department is frequently given
other duties because it is the main public contact point in the library and
because it is usually staffed during the hours that the library is open, many
“housekeeping” chores are assigned to it. These vary from library to
library, in addition to providing
general library information to patrons, may include opening and closing the
library, serving as the central library telephone switchboard, supervising
photocopy services, providing room and carrel reservations, and general
responsibility for emergency responses (Battaile,1992).
Thus,
Circulation is defined by Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary as “orderly
movement through a circuit.” Circulation
In a library is the orderly movement through a circuit, as it applies to the
process of lending books to borrowers and then accurately reshelving them after
they have been returned so that they will be retrievable by the next user. This basic cycle has attached to it many
elaborations such as the record-keeping process and sub cycles such as those
for overdue and holds. These sub cycles vary from library to library, but the
basic cycle remains the same in every library that allows patrons to remove
books”.
In the quest to keep accurate records of library materials various types of circulation systems have been developed. Many of these systems have focused on four objectives: to be easy for patrons to use and library personnel to operate, to save borrower time, to speed up the routine of checking in and out; to reduce costs and to relieve librarians for more professional work. There are numerous types of circulation control in use in different types of Library depending largely on size and convenience. Prominent among these are the following: the Browne system, the Newark system, the Ledger system, automated systems, online processing and the book Card system. The Libraries under study uses the Newark system which provides that the borrower tenders his/her registration card, collects and completes the borrowers’ cards and slips at the circulation desk by lending .
The
application of computer technology into the library system has revolutionized the operations and use of libraries.
With this technology, material resources needed for teaching and research
become easy to access, More than ever before, Nigerian university libraries have developed interest in the use of modern technology
to enhance their productivity and improve their services. Faisal and surendan
(2008). Itemized the Advantages of Library software as follow: It
provides users with timely access to library materials; it eliminates routine
tasks or performs them more efficiently; it reduces the amount of time spent on
material acquisition, serials management, budget administration and record
keeping; it supports new means of information retrieval by introducing patrons
to global information; it allows patrons to use search strategies that exceed
those that can be used With card catalogue; it allows patrons to search
library’s collection from locations outside the Library’s walls; It motivates users, equips them with problem
solving and information retrieval skills, and provides them with lifelong
learning experiences.
Automation of the processes of accessing information and technical services
is the cherished goal of the university libraries, especially in the circulation and cataloguing subsystems. Circulation system, according to
Olufeagba (1977) in Babafemi et,al (2007). Involves the mechanization of
activities such as “charging of books to users, renewing of books,
processing, reservation, monitoring of utilization of books, operating short
term loans of document processing, overdue notices and calculating fines,
answering library queries, discharging returned materials and checking for
possible hold request. It has been observed, however, that a lot of time is
wasted in carrying out these functions manually. To solve these problems more
hands are employed, but this does not help the situation as it only leads to
increased budget for salaries and allowances of staff. With library automation
these problem will not arise as it helps to save both library staff and users’
time. Encyclopedia of Library and Information
Sciences define “Library Automation is
the use of
automatic and semiautomatic
data processing machines
to perform such
traditional library activities
as acquisitions, cataloguing,
and circulation. These
activities are not necessarily performed
in traditional ways,
the activities themselves
are those traditionally
associated with libraries; library automation may thus be
distinguished from related fields such as
information retrieval, automatic
indexing and abstracting and automatic textual analysis”
(Kent, 1997). Furthermore, Ossai. (2010). Automated library denote a
library in which the collections of library materials are primarily on paper
but in which the library procedures have been computerized. The author also
noted that the records needed for library operations must necessarily be
concerned with individual copies of each title. A circulation system must know
precisely which copy of which volume of which edition of which title was
borrowed by precisely which borrower and when it is due back. Again Library
automation refers to mechanization of library housekeeping operations
predominantly by computerization. The most commonly known housekeeping
operations are acquisition control, serials control, cataloguing, and
classification and circulation control. Library automation or Integrated
Library System (ILS) is an enterprise resource planning systems for a library,
used to tracks items owned; borrow out item, returned items etc. therefore, the need of library software or automation has several
reasons. Need of computers is present in all areas depending upon its
usage, ranging from acquisition control,
serial control, and cataloguing and circulation control, used for library
manager’s evaluation of reports, statistics.
For administration of the library computers are used in all levels of
work. Computers help in the following
areas: Capacity to handle any amount of data and information; Participating in
network programmers and resource sharing;
Flexibility in information search; Standardization of library procedures
and Speedy processing of information and its retrieval.
System development life cycle is an
organizational process of developing and maintaining systems. It helps in
establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes
and sub-processes required for developing a system. System development life
cycle means combination of various activities. In other words we can say that
various activities put together are referred as system development life cycle.
In the System Analysis and Design terminology, the system development life
cycle also means software development life cycle. Following are the different
phases of system development life cycle: Preliminary study, Feasibility study, detailed system study, System analysis, System design,
Coding, Testing, Implementation and Maintenance. It is pertinent to note here
that there are different programming languages in use namely: java, php,
Netbean, mysql, apache, visual basic 6.0 and visual basic .net languages.
However, this application will be developed using visual basic .net language
and Microsoft access will be used as the demo.
University library computerization in Nigeria has
been in the pipeline. According to Abolaji (2000) states that significant and
widespread efforts at computerizing library services started in the 1990s.
Major efforts at computerization were stalled by the supposed lack of funds and
expertise. Ekpenyong (1997) notes that most notable research libraries in
Nigeria are advanced in computerization. Unfortunately, no significant efforts
were recorded in this regard. University libraries in Nigeria are now moving
from their isolated past into automated systems and networked operations. As
Khalid (2000) observes, “that networked and automated functions bring the
experiences of the evolution of libraries in developed countries. University
libraries in Nigeria are trying to catch up with their counterparts in the
developed world. University library automation in Nigeria started automation
process in the late 1980s, with various stages of automation of library
services. The Federal Government of Nigeria through the National Universities
Commission (NUC), which oversees and disburses funds to all the federal universities
in Nigeria, introduced projects aimed at computerizing university services
across the country.
The NUC initiated Management Information Systems
(MIS) which gave birth to all Nigerian Universities Network (NUNET) project.
With the aim of developing a viable local and wide area network in each
institution and more recently followed by the National Virtual (Digital)
Library Project. The mission was “to provide, in an equitable and cost
effective manner, enhanced access to national and international library and
information resources and for sharing locally available resources with
libraries all over the world using digital technology.” (UNESCO) in Nok.
(2006). The objectives of the Virtual Library Project are as follows: to
improve the quality of teaching and research in institutions of higher;
Learning in Nigeria through the provision of current books, journals and other
Library resources; to enhance access to academic libraries serving the
education community in Nigeria to global library and information resources; to
enhance scholarship, research, and lifelong learning through the establishment
of permanent access to shared digital archival collections; to provide guidance
for academic libraries on applying appropriate Technologies used in the
production of digital library resources; and to advance the use and usability
of a globally-distributed network of Library resources.
The
study is conducted in federal university libraries of North-Central Zone of
Nigeria. These are composed of Kogi, Benue, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau
states as well as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja. The federal
university libraries of the zone and their year of establishment includes
University of Jos library Plateau State (1975); University of Ilorin library,
Kwara state (1975); Federal University of Technology, Minna library, Niger
state (1982); University of Agriculture Makurdi library, Benue state (1988);
University of Abuja library, Abuja (1988); Federal University of Lokoja
library, Kogi state (2011) and Federal University of Lafia library, Nasarawa
state (2011) (National Universities Commission (NUC) News Bulletins, 2012).
Subsequently, some of this Federal University libraries at one time or the other have implement software package in their house- keeping operations especial On-line Public Access Catalog (OPAC) using Technology Information Navigator for Libraries (TINLIB), Integrated Technical Services (ITS) and Koha. Despite the foregoing factor the fact remain that none of the libraries have activated their circulation module and above all, know studies has been carried out on the development and validation of circulation package in the zone. Hence, the need to “develop and validate a circulation software package for libraries in Federal University of North Central Nigeria
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF CIRCULATION SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR LIBRARIES IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITIES OF NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA
