TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Approval Page – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – iv
Table of Contents – – – – – – – v
List of Tables and Figure – – – – – – vii
Abbreviations – – – – – – – – viii
Abstract – – – – – – – – x
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction – – – – – 1
- Background to the Study – – – – – 1
- Statement of the Problem – – – – – 5
- Objective of the Study – – – – – 7
- Significance of the Study – – – – 7
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review – – – – 9
2.1 Literature Review – – – – – – 9
CHAPTER THREE: Methodology – – – – 39
3.1 Theoretical Framework – – – – – 39
3.2 Hypotheses – – – – – – – 44
3.3 Method of Data Collection – – – – – 44
3.4 Method of Data Analysis – – – – – 47
3.5 Logical Data Framework – – – – – 48
CHAPTER FOUR: Democratic Governance and Economic
Development in Nigeria, 1999 – 2007 – – – 49
4.1 Absence of Electoral Legitimacy and Underdevelopment
Of Nigeria’s
Productive Forces – – – – 50
4.2 Lack of Transparency and Accountability in Governance
And Pervasive
Public Sector Corruption in Nigeria – – 62
CHAPTER FIVE: Insecurity and Economic Development
In Nigeria, 1999 and 2007 – –
– – – 85
5.1 Governance and Security Deficit in Nigeria since 1999 – 86
5.2 Insecurity and the standard of living of Nigerians – – 114
CHAPTER SIX: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations – 131
6.1 Summary and Conclusion – – – – – 131
6.2 Recommendations – – – – – – 133
BIBLIOGRAPHY – – – – – – – 134
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
Table 3.1: Logical Data Framework
(LDF) for the Study – – 48
Table 4.1: The Last Minute Award of Oil Block Bazaar During
Obasanjo’s Tenure (1999-2007) – – – – 73
Table 4.2: The Halliburton Scandal indicating the beneficiaries
And the amount – – – – – – 78
Table 4.3: Nigeria’s ranking in the CPI since 1996 – – – 79
Table 5.1 Democracy Index for Nigeria – – – – 99
Table 5.2: Summary of Reported Crime Cases in Nigeria 1994-2003 – 102
Fig 5.1: Graphic Representation of Reported Crime Cases in
Nigeria 1994-2003 – – – – – – 103
Table 5.3: Level of Crime from 2000 to 2008 – – – 113
Table
5.4: Nigeria and other West African Countries on the
Global Peace Index Ranking – – – – – 114
Table 5.5: Relative Poverty Headcount, 1980-2010 – – – 119
Table 5.6: Relative Poverty: Non-poor, Moderate poor and
The Extremely poor, 1980 – 2010 – – – – 120
Table 5.7: National Poverty Incidence 2003/2004 and 2009/2010 – 121
Table 5.8: National Unemployment Rates (2000 – 2009) – – 121
Table 5.9: Manufacturing Capacity
Utilization (2000 – 2008) – 122
Table 5.10: Growth Rate of the Economy (2000 – 2009) – – 123
Table 5.11: Inflation Rate (2000
– 2009) – – – – 124
Table 5.12: Federal Government Capital Expenditure as Percentage
Of GDP (2000 – 2009) – – – – – 124
Table 5.13: A Chronological
Presentation of Petroleum Product
Prices in
Nigeria Since the 1970’s – – – – 127
Table 5.14: PMS Price per liter in OPEC
countries (in Naira) – 128
Table 5.15: Showing the Net Enrolment in Primary Schools
1990 – 2009 – – – – – – – 129
ABBREVIATIONS
CAST Center
for American Studies
CBN Central Bank
of Nigeria
CHS Commission
on Human Security
CM Chikoko
Movement
COG Commonwealth
Observer Group
COMA Coalition for
Militant Action
CPI Corruption
Perception Index
DFID Department
for International Development
DPR Department
of Petroleum Resources
EBA Egbesu Boys
of Africa
ECOWAS Economic
Community of West African States
EFCC Economic
and Financial Crimes Commission
EIU Economic
Intelligence Unit
ERC Electoral Reform
Commission
EU-EOM European
Union – Election Observation Mission
FDI Foreign
Direct Investment
FNDIC Federated
Niger Delta Ijaw Communities
FOI Freedom of
Information
GCDD Ghana Center
for Democratic Development
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GMD Group
Managing Director
GNI Gross National
Income
GNP Gross
National Product
GPI Global Peace Index
HDR Human
Development Report
HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus /Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HRW Human Rights
Watch
HSU Human
Security Unit
ICG International
Crisis Group
ICPC Independent
Corrupt Practices and Other related Offences Commission
IDPs Internally
Displaced Persons
IGA Itsekiri
General Assembly
IMF International
Monetary Fund
INEC Independent
National Electoral Commission
IRI International
Republican Institute
IYC Ijaw Youth
Council
JRC Joint
Revolution Council
LDCs Less
Developed Countries
LNG Liquefied
Natural Gas
MB Martyrs
Brigade
MD Managing
Director
MEND Movement for
the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
MOSIEND Movement for the Survival of the Ijaw Ethnic
Nationality in the Niger Delta
MOSOP Movement for
the Survival of the Ogoni People
NBS National Bureau of
Statistics
NDDC Niger
Delta Development Commission
NDI National Democratic Institute
NDLA Niger Delta
Liberation Army
NDPVF Niger Delta
People Volunteer Force
NEEDS National Economic Empowerment Development
Strategy
NEITI Nigerian
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
NGOs Non-Governmental
Organisations
NIPP National
Independent Power Project
NNPC Nigerian
National Petroleum Corporation
NPEB National
Poverty Eradication Blueprint
NSPMC Nigerian
Security Printing and Minting Company
ODI Overseas
Development Institute
OECD Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development
OMPADEC Oil
Mineral Producing Areas Development Commission
OPEC Organization
of Petroleum Exporting Countries
PDI People’s
Democratic Institute
PDP People’s
Democratic Party
PLASIEC Plateau State
Independent Electoral Commission
PMS Premium
Motor Spirit
PPMC Pipeline
and Products Marketing Company
PPP Purchasing Power
Parity
RMAFC Revenue
Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission
SALW Small Arms and
Light Weapons
TAM Turn-Around
Maintenance
TI Transparency
International
UN United
Nations
UNDP United
Nations Development Programme
UNN University
of Nigeria, Nsukka
UU Urhobo
Union
ABSTRACT
Democracy and development are
both highly contested concepts. Similarly, the interface between both concepts
is also a subject of contestation. On the one hand are neoliberal theorists who
believe that liberal democracy is essential, in fact a desideratum for economic
development and human security and therefore an ideal form to which all nations
of the earth must aspire. On the other are what may be termed neo-Marxist
theorists who interpret liberal democracy as an ideological fig wig for masking
the mindless exploitation and atrocious inequality that characterizes the
global capitalist system, particularly the peripheral states. In line with the
former position which has been on the ascendancy since the end of the cold war,
the restoration of democratic rule in Nigeria in 1999 elicited high
expectations among the citizenry that it would usher in an era of economic
prosperity and security of lives and property both of which had been eroded
under prolonged military rule. This study empirically examines the impact of
the first eight years of democratic experiment in Nigeria on economic
development and human security. Specifically, it examines the impact of
democratic governance on economic development and the implication of the high
level of insecurity witnessed during the period on the standard of living of
the citizens. The study made use of qualitative descriptive method of
collecting secondary data and employed content analysis in the analysis of the
data. The theory of the postcolonial state was adopted as its framework of
analysis. The study found that the democratic rule as implemented in Nigeria
between 1999 and 2007 did not translate to economic development or increased
security of lives and property and that the high rate of insecurity as
witnessed during the period adversely impacted on the standard of living of the
citizens. The study therefore recommends among other things the bridging of the
high level of inequality in Nigeria and the opening up of the democratic space
to make for greater citizen participation and which would in turn ignite their
creative energy for national development.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study
Democracy
is a contested concept. In its liberal conception, democracy is the political
form through which political power is said to reside in the people. This
political power could be directly exercised by the people especially in modern
times through their decisions on sensitive matters expressed in form of
plebiscite or referendum; or indirectly through their representatives in
government (Magstadt, 2009). The import of this notion therefore is that
democra
