CHANGES IN SOME HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN DIABETIC RATS TREATED WITH AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA (INDIAN ALMOND) AND NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS)

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page

Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i

Dedication – – – – – – – – – – ii

Declaration – – – – – – – – – – iii

Certification – – – – – – – – – – iv

Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – – v

Table of Content – – – – – – – – – vii

List of Table – – – – – – – – – xi

List of Figures – – – – – – – – – xii

Abstract – – – – – – – – – – xiii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 1

1.2 Scope of Study – – – – – – – – 4

1.3 Aim of Study – – – – – – – – 4

1.4 Significance of the Study – – – – – – – 5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review – – – – – – – – 6

2.1 Haematopoiesis – – – – – – – – 6

2.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) – – – – – 6

2.3 Locations of Blood Formation – – – – – – 8

2.4 Maturation of Stem Cells – – – – – – – 8

2.5 Red Blood Cells (RBCs) – – – – – – – 9

2.5.1 Red Blood Cell Count – – – – – – – 9

2.5.2 Red Blood Cell Parameters – – – – – – 10

2.6 White Blood Cells – – – – – – – – 12

2.6.1 Classes of White Blood Cells – – – – – – 13

2.6.2 White Blood Cell Count – – – – – – – 15

2.7 Platelets or Thrombocytes – – – – – – 18

2.7.1 Thrombopoiesis – – – – – – – – 18

2.7.2 Platelet Count – – – – – – – – 20

2.7.3 Thrombocytopenia – – – – – – – – 20

2.8 Diabetes Mellitus – – – – – – – – 22

2.8.1 Types of Diabetes Mellitus – – – – – – 23

2.8.2 Causes of Type II Diabetes Mellitus – – – – – 24

2.8.3 Hematological Changes in Diabetic Conditions – – – 25

2.8.4 Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – – – – – 26

2.9 Terminalia catappa – – – – – – – – 30

2.9.1 Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Modulatory Activity – – 32

2.9.2 Anti-Diabetic Activity – – – – – – – 33

2.9.3 Hepatoprotective activity – – – – – – – 34

2.9.4 Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Fungal Activities – – – – 35

2.9.5 ACE Inhibitory Activity – – – – – – – 35

2.9.6 Anti-Ageing Activity – – – – – – – 35

2.9.7 Anticancer Activity – – – – – – – 36

2.9.8 Toxicology – – – – – – – – – 37

2.10 ASPIRIN (Acetyl Salicylic Acid- ASA) – – – – 38

2.11 Meloxicam – – – – – – – – – 39

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Materials and Apparatus Used – – – – – – 41

3.1 Collection and Identification of Plant Material- – – – 43

3.2 Preparation of Aqueous Extract – – – – – – 43

3.3 Animal Preparation – – – – – – – 43

3.4 Experimental Design – – – – – – – 44

3.5 Diabetes Induction – – – – – – – – 44

3.6 Extract Administration – – – – – – – 45

3.7 Insulin Administration – – – – – – – 45

3.8 Meloxicam Administration – – – – – – 45

3.9 Aspirin Administration – – – – – – – 45

3.10 Collection of Blood Sample – – – – – – 46

3.11 Analysis of Blood Parameters – – – – – – 46

3.12 Statistical Analysis – – – – – – – 46

CHAPTER FOUR : RESULTS

4.1 Red Blood Cell Count – – – – – – – 47

4.2 White Blood Cell Count – – – – – – – 49

4.3. Platelet Count – – – – – – – – 51

4.4 Neutrophil Levels – – – – – – – – 53

4.5 Eosinophil Levels – – – – – – – – 53

4.6 Basophil Levels – – – – – – – – 54

4.7 Monocyte Levels – – – – – – – – 54

4.8 Lymphocyte Levels – – – – – – – 55

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Discussion – – – – – – – – – 57

5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 60

5.3 Recommendation – – – – – – – – 61

References – – – – – – – – – – 62

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Table showing grouping of animals. The animals were divided into Nine (9) groups of Seven (6) animals per group – – 44

Table 2: Table showing the effects 130mg/kg BW of Terminalia catappa leaf extract, Effects of 30mg/kg BW of Aspirin,2mg/kg BW of meloxicam and 0.75µ/kg BW of insulin on the Differential White Blood Count of rats (n=6, *p>0.05 not significant; p<0.05:significant; p<0.01 highly significant 56

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Red blood cells in diabetic rats treated with extract,aspirin, meloxicam and insulin compared with control.Values are Mean ± SEM – – – – – – 49

Figure 2. White blood cell count in diabetic rats treated with extract, aspirin,meloxicam and insulin compared with control. Values are Mean ± SEM. a =p<0.05 vs non-diabetic control, b = p<0.05 vs diabetic control group,c = p<0.05 vs extract treated group – – – 51

ABSTRACT

The changes in some haematological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with Terminaliacatappa leaves extract and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) was studied. 54 male albino wister rats were selected into nine (9) groups of six (6) rats each. Group 1 was control which received 1mg/kg of deionized water, group 2 was extract treated control group and was given 130mg/kg per body weight (BW) of Terminalia catappa leaf extract, group 3 was diabetic control group and received 1mg/kg BW of deionized water, group 4 being diabetic treated with extract was given 130mg/kg BW of T. catappa leaves extract, group 5 was diabetic treated with aspirin received 30mg/kg BW of aspirin, group 6 was diabetic treatd with meloxicam received 2mg/kg BW of meloxicam, group 7 which was diabetic treated with combination of the extract and aspirin received 130mg/kg BW extract and 30mg/kg BW of aspirin, group 8 which were diabetic treated with extract and meloxicam wewre administered with 130mg/kg BW of extract and 2mg/kg BW of meloxicam, group 9 was diabetic treated with insulin

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