CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background to the Study
Nigeria as a nation-state is under a severe internal socio-economic and security threat. As a more general level, the threat has social, economic, political and environmental dimensions. Each of these dimensions has greatly affected the nation’s stability, and can be traced to the ethnic militia armies, ethnic and religious conflicts, poverty, terrorism, armed robbery, corruption, economic sabotage, and environmental degradation (llufoye, 2009).
Boko Haram insurgence becomes the major problem facing Nigerian in the recent time. These groups have perpetrated several bombing that have killed millions of innocent citizens of this country Nigeria and also caused the destruction of both private and public properties worth of billions of naira. It is imperative to note that these groups have also engaged in abduction of school girls. This derives from their bid to make people in the north east geo-political zone of Nigeria to embrace their view on Islamic Nigeria code and western education.
Perhaps,
no one saw it coming. No one also believed it would happen. It appeared to have
taken us unawares even as it is considered very novel and alien to this clime.
To many people, it is totally un-African. But surprisingly, what started like a
bully at the thresholds of 2009 has grown and assumed a gargantuan dimension,
menacingly and uncontrollably tearing the country apart. It has caused us
injury and pain. It has brought us hunger. It has spelt and unleashed untold
hardship on the people. The economy is bleeding; it has brought division
amongst us, fueling animosities amongst adherent of Islamic and Christian
religions (Chioma, 2014).
Boko
Haram activities, has destabilized socio-economic activities, increased crime
and destruction of both life and property of Nigerian citizens. This can be
attested in the northern part of the country most especially Maiduguri, which
is the capital of Borno State. This situation has made it impossible for the
citizens in that part (Northern) of Nigeria to carry on their legitimate
businesses. It is also scaring foreign investors out of the country. Students
have been forced to flee their schools, especially after the abduction of over
100 school girls in Chibok, Borno State. The gravity of the crisis has made
some government to vow never to allow students from their state to go to the northern
part of Nigeria for anything. Boko Haram activities also affected the posting
of students of southern and eastern extradition on national youth service corps
(NYSC) to the north, to the extent that parents are strongly resisting the posting
of their children as corp members to the North.
Boko
Haram itself is a fatal blow to the noble objective of the scheme as a unifying
strategy. The unity of Nigeria is seriously threatened by the Boko Haram
insurgence and therefore, Boko Haram fundamentalist sect is considered to be a
major potential terrorist threat affecting Nigeria mostly on the part of
socio-economic activities of the country.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Boko
Haram, a diffuse Islamist sect, has attacked Nigeria’s police and military,
rival clerics, politicians, schools, religious buildings, public institutions,
and civilians with increasing regularity since 2009. Some experts view the
group as an armed revolt against government corruption, abusive security forces
and widening regional economic disparity in an already impoverished country
(Akintunde, 2014).
According
to Campbell (2011), Boko Haram is a way of thinking, it is politically driven, and
they are loosely organized grassroots insurrection against not only the Abuja
government but the traditional Muslim establishment as well.
After
nearly a decade of violence, Nigerian government still does not have an
effective strategy for dismantling the group. The terrorist organization preys
on the disillusioned Muslims of the north, who are fed up with corruption and
who have few economic opportunities, Nigeria is a heterogeneous country divided
by two religious beliefs aside traditional religion. The northern half of the
country is almost completely Muslim (50 percent of the total Nigerians
population) and the southern half is mostly dominated by Christians (40 percent
of the total Nigerians population) originating in the Muslim dominated northern
region of the country. The movement rejected everything deemed western. The
activities of the group “Boko Haram” grew its ranks by taking advantages of the
widespread anger in the north over the country’s gap. In the north, 72 percent
of the population lives below the poverty line, compared to only 22 percent in
the southern part (Bartolta, 2011).
The
goal of Boko Haram sect is to create an Islamic nation in the twelve northern
states of Nigeria, which will eventually spread to the rest of the country.
From its inception, Boko Haram sect viewed Nigeria as a state or a country
running by non-believers and made the government its main target mostly when it
is ruled by a non-believer (non-Muslim) President.
The
economic implication of Boko Haram in Nigeria is the major thrust of this
thesis. Outright confrontation with police and military officers, violent
attacks on the populace, bombing and kidnapping have serious socio-economic
implication for Nigeria in the international community. Since the activities of
the sect, especially since 2009, it has not only constituted a major security
threat to the nation, but has also made the country one of the most dangerous
place to live in the world. The activities of this sect are capable of
disintegrating the country. Thus, the need to unveil these effects is
important.
This
research work will seek to study the in-depth analysis of the effect of Boko
Haram Insurgency on the Nigerian economy.
1.3 Research
questions
- How does the Boko Haram Insurgency
militate against economic development in Nigeria?
- Is the military option the best strategy
in tackling the Boko Haram menace in Nigeria?
1.4 Objectives
of the Study
By
explaining how the sect came into being and by showing that they posed serious
threat to national security, the broad objectives of this research work is
designed to examine;
- To
ascertain how the Boko Haram Insurgency militates against economic development
in Nigeria.
- To find out if the military option is
the best strategy in tackling the Boko Haram menace in Nigeria.
1.5 Research
Hypotheses
- Boko
Haram Insurgency militates against economic development in Nigeria.
- The
military option seems the best option in tackling this menace.
1.6 Significance
of the Study
The
problem of Boko Haram and its implication on economic development in Nigeria is
central to this research. All individual lives in a world prone to crises. No
nation is free from crises. Violence is now endemic in human relations. The
global threat of terrorism respect no boundaries or borders. Nigeria is not
free from these threats, emanating from Boko Haram activities.
This
study is thereby motivated by strong desire to contribute to the ranging
dissolution of Boko Haram and its implication on Nigeria’s economic
development.
It
is therefore, hoped that this study will be relevant and will be of great
benefits to the students and scholars of political science, history,
intelligent and security studies and the society at large.
1.7
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The
scope of this research work is quite broad that it encompasses the
investigations of “the effect of Boko Haram insurgency on the economic
development in Nigeria.
In
the limitation of this study, various factors contributed in affecting the
researcher’s comprehensiveness and totality in carrying out the study. In
producing such a work like this, the problem confronting the researcher is not
the scarcity of materials, but its availability. Some of which are bias in
their presentation. More so, the research work is contemporary and politically
sensitive. The researcher therefore is confronted with the problem of
interpretation of the actions of Boko Haram and their implications.
Finally,
there is the question of time and funds which may serve as impediments to this
research. Nevertheless, limitation or limitating factors will be greatly
managed to make the research work more objective in its presentation.
1.8 Definition of Terms
According
to Janet (2004: 107), definition of terms used in a research is operational.
Works are defined as they are used by the researcher. This means that
researcher uses certain words in the way they fit to the study, which may be
different from the ordinary dictionary meaning. For an operational
understanding of the term used within this study, the definitions are as
follows:
Insurgency: – This
is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority (government of a nation),
when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents.
Crime: – On
the definitions of crime, the united Nation Research Institution observed
that:-
Crime
in the sense of branch of a legal prohibition, is a universal concepts, out
what actually constitutes a crime and how seriously it should be regarded,
varies enormously from crime are not determined by any objective indicator of
the degree of injury or damage, but by culture values and power relations (UN
Research institute for social development, 1995).
In
a strict legal definition however, a crime is a violation of the criminal low,
which is subsequently followed by an act harmful not only to some individual,
but also to the community or the state. Such acts are forbidden and punishable
by law (Elizabeth, 2003).
Violence: – The
World Health Organization defines violence as “the intentional use of physical force
or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a
group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of
resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or
deprivation” but acknowledges that the inclusion of the “the use of power” in
its definition expands on the conventional meaning of the word (WHO, 2002).
Sect: –
A sect is a subgroup of a religious political or philosophical belief system,
usually an off shoot of a larger religious group. Although in past is was
mostly used to refer to religious groups, it has since expanded and in modern culture can refer to any
organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of
rules and principles. The term is occasionally used in a malicious way to
suggest the broken-off group follows a more negative path than the original. It
refers to a group or movement with heretical beliefs or practices that deviate
from those of groups considered orthodox or wrong (Wilson, 2008).
Terrorism:- Terrorism is perhaps one of the most controversial problematic concept to define in the world today. This is made more problematic blurred distinction between legitimate act of resistance and criminal act of terrorism. Despite these difficulties, however motivated act of violation perpetrated against civilian targets with the aim of inflicting mass causalities, in stilling fear and a sense of insecurity and affecting a change in the policies and action of the victims (Nolan, 1998).Islamic Fundamentalism:- Islamic fundamentalism is a term used to describe religious ideologies seen as advocating a returning to the fundamentals of Islam, the Quran and the Sunnah, it is deemed problematic by those who suggest that Islamic belief requires all Muslims to be fundamentalists (Bernard, 1993). Islamic fundamentalist oppose the infiltration of secular and westernizing influences and seek to institute Islamic law including in Muslim and strict code of behavior.