ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS OF COW AND GOAT BONE ASH

ABSTRACT

This project work introduced some knowledge about the basics involved in finding the contents of bone. This project work deals with the principle of qualitative analysis of cations and anions. Skeletal system plays an integral part of most of the animals “what is it that makes It to form an integral part?”. The solution to this question can be understood more succinctly from this project work.

        This project indeed would be a revolution in the world, where there is increasing worry about problems of bone like osteoporosis and osteomalacia. In this industrial age amount of calcium content in bone is also reducing; this project work would indeed be a very good solution.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

        Bones are rigid organs from part of the endoskeleton of the vertebrates. They support and protect the various organs of body production red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of tense connective tissue. Bone comes in a variety of shapes and has a complex internal and external structure, are light weight yet strong and hard and serve multiple functions. One of the types of tissue that makes up bone is the mineralized osseous tissue, also called bone tissue that gives it rigidity and a coral-like three dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessel and cartilage. “At birth, there are over 270 bones in an infant human’s body”. (steele D. Gentry et. al (1998). The Anatomy and Biology of the Human skeleton, Texas A&M University press page 4 ISBN-0-89096-300-2), but many of these bones fused together as the child grows, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in an adult. “The largest bone in the human body is the femur and the smallest bones are auditory ossicles.” (Schmiedder et. al (1934) parent and child. An Introductory Study of Parent Education page 31).

        Bones are also a dynamic tissue that performs mechanical, biological and chemical functions and it depends on chemical and physical properties and are affected by age, nutrition, hormonal status and diseases. (Loveridge 1999), the skeletal system forms the external structure and appearance of mammalian vertebrate species and has the obvious functions locomotion, structural support of the body and protection of soft tissue such as brain, heart, spinal cord and lungs. Bone also serves as metabolic reservoir of Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P) and other minerals. Also, it houses cells responsible for bone formation and resorption (Decke et. al 1993).

1.1   FORMATION OF BONE

        The formation of bone during the fetal stage of development occurs by two processes:

1. Intra membranous Ossification
2. Endochondral Ossification

1.1.0        INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

        This mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull; the bone is formed from mesenchyme tissue. The steps in intramembranous ossification are:

1. Development of ossification centre
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae
4. Development of periosteum