TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table
of Contents v
List
of Tables vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Significance of the Study 7
1.6 Scope of the Study 8
1.7 Definition of Terms 8
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Theoretical Framework 10
2.1.1 Social Construction of Reality 10
2.1.2 Social Learning Theory 13
2.2 Conceptual Review 16
2.2.1 Advertising 16
2.2.2 Television Advertising. 22
2.2.3 History of Television Advertising. 23
2.2.4 Portrayal of Female Gender in
Advertising. 25
2.2.5 Evaluation 29
2.2.6 APCON and Advertisement regulation in Nigeria 30
2.2.7 Advertising Media 31
2.2.8
Brief History of NTA 34
2.3 Empirical Review 34
CHAPTER
THREE: METHOD
OF THE STUDY 38
3.1 Research Method 38
3.2 Population of the Study 38
3.3 Sample size and Sampling Technique 39
3.4 Research Instrument 40
3.5 Validity of the Research Instrument 40
3.6 Reliability of the Research
Instrument 41
3.7 Method of administration of the instrument 42
3.8 Method of data analysis 42
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 43
4.1 Field
Performance of Research Questions 43
4.2 Analysis
of Data on Research Questions 43
4.3 Discussion
of Finding 52
CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Limitation 55
5.2 Summary 55
5.3 Conclusion 56
5.3 Recommendation 57
5.3.1 Recommendations to various Stakeholders 57
5.4.2 Recommendation to Future Research 58
References 59
List of Tables
Table 1, 2 and 3 answers research question one. 43
Table 3 Women are stereotyped in television advert 44
Table 4 answers the research question
two 44
Table 5 answers the third research question 45
Table 6. 7 and 8 answers the fourth research question 50
ABSTRACT
This research focuses on the portrayal of female gender in television advertising in Nigeria with respect to NTA Ilorin. The study tends to stop the indecent portrayal of women in television advertisement is what promoted this research. The research examines some advertisements in NTA Ilorin so as to carefully deduce the true portrayal of women in television advertisements. Ten advertisements were studied using content analysis method and survey method was used to find out the perception of Ilorin west local government Area of Kwara state. The study used social construction of reality theory and social learning theory. It was discovered that women are portrayed in television advertisement as domestic wokers and weak being.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Background of the study
Advertisements
are generally characterized by their persuasive nature. Television advertising
is characterized by the ability of the medium to transmit content to a mass
audience simultaneously (Barker and Angelo 2006:12). These characteristics of
television advertising have been the subject of concern, criticism, and
continuous study (Jones 1999: 165). Bignell (2004:210) explains that it is the
perception that television has connections to the real world of culture and
society in which it exists that makes it critical in research. Bignell (2004)
also states that television is fascinating to study because it seeks to provide
the audience with elements, issues and events that they are currently
experiencing.
Bolland
(2005:11) defines advertising as the “paid placement of organizational
messages”. Cook (1992:5) states that, “advertising can tell us a great deal
about our own society and our own psychology”. Cook (1992) like many other
researchers in this field (Branston and Stafford 1999, Kim and Lowry 2005)
acknowledge that advertisements can serve as a gauge of social norms, values,
as well as the interests of society.
Bovee
and Arens (1992) define advertising as ‘a non-personal communication of
information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products,
service or ideas by an identified sponsor’.
Research has shown that television advertising often uses stereotypes gender specific roles of men and women thereby reinforcing existing clichés, (Kim and Lowry 2005). Olabisi (2002) asserts that in the world of television advertisements, women are more negatively stereotyped thus undermining the struggle for gender equality. She added that men and women are aware of the cultural prevalence of traditional gender stereotypes (mostly in women) and television contributes to this awareness. Bardwick and Schumann (1976) analyzed the portrayal of women in television commercials and concluded that to an amazing extent women are preoccupied with dirt, and the television woman in commercials is shown as housebound. (p. 18).
This
shows that people watching televisions are bombarded with images and slogans
through advertisements. In a 2000 Nielsen Media Research and Radio Advertising
Bureau survey it was found that on average, U.S. households watch more than
seven hours of television per day (Albarran, 2000).
People
memorize slogans and absorb images without questioning them. More importantly
people do it without thinking. This is what Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and
Signorieli (1980) called the cultivation effect. The effect of all this
exposure to the same messages produces what has been called cultivation, or
teaching of a common worldview, common roles and common values. (Gerbner,
Gross, Morgan & Signorieli, 1980, p.10).
According to Gerbner, one of the most common findings from media and cultivation studies is that increased television viewing is associated with more stereotypical views, especially of gender (Allan & Scott, 2006). Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and Signorieli (1980) argued that for heavy viewers, television virtually monopolizes and subsumes other sources of information, ideas and consciousness. Furthermore, the heavy viewers perceive the world as what is shown on television (Gerbner, et al., 1980).
AN EVALUATION OF PORTRAYAL OF FEMALE GENDER IN SELECTED TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENT IN NTA ILORIN
