CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Confidence accounting is a new development and radical approach to accounting. Confidence accounting is a probabilistic approach as opposed to the traditional deterministic one. Confidence accounting is gradually evolving based on the promise that I might lead to better financial decisions by enabling decision makers to take an imager term view or an balance the odds as well as the books (Long finance news 2013).
According to Moxley (2013), confidence accounting has the tendency being worked up into a method which might give insight into the accounts of complex organizations. Sharing from this varying view, it can be deduced that the debate on confidence accounting is high and still on going. The sharp argument is premised on the fact that confidence accounting stands to enhance financial reporting majorly in developed countries of the world though the concept is still very vague in developing countries such as Nigeria. Accountants should adopts a more scientific approach to measurement and difficult-to-assess figures according to professor Micheal Mainelli FCCA who makes the case of confidence accounting.
A decade ago, a series of failure embarrassed auditors. Large firms with successful-looking financial statements collapsed. Today, the audit process is under fore once more as questions are asked about why problems at large financial institutions were not spotted earlier, surely, this is a good time to rethink auditing.
People who move from science to accounting are stunned to find that auditors do not practice measurement science. Measurement is about both accuracy and precision. Accuracy – how closely a stated value is to the actual value. Precision – how likely it is that repeated measurements will produce the same results. A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. Scientists view measurement as a process that produces a range. Scientists express a measurement as X, with a surrounding interval.
There is a big difference between point estimation and interval estimation. Auditors provide point estimates, scientists intervals. For example, physical scientists report X±, social scientists report interval estimates for an election poll and state how confident they are that the actual value resides in the interval. Statistical terms, such as mean, modem, median, deviation, or skew, are common terms to describe a measurement distribution’s look and feel. The key point is that scientists are trying to express characteristics of a distribution, not a single point finance should be no different.
For want of a term that distinguishes the use of distributions from the use of points or discrete values, let’s use confidence accounting. In a world of confidence accounting, the end results of audits would be presentations of distributions for major entries in the profit and loss, balance sheet and cash-flow statements. The value of freehold land in a balance sheet might be stated as an interval, €150.000.000 + 45.000.000, perhaps recognizing a wide range of interesting properties and the illiquidity of property holdings. Next to each vale would be confirmation of the confidence level, e.g. 95% confidence that another audit would have produced a value within that range.
Counter-charges to confidence accounting are complexity and gaining. But audit is complex and the profession needs to worry about members ignorance of scientific measurements. Managers are already using a system that provides too many get-outs based on the unfairness of reporting on single members. Under confidence accounting, difficult single numbers, such as exploration asset of environmental liabilities, become ranges.
A range of potential future valuation better reflects reality than marked-to-the-market prices at a particular valuation date. For users, presentation would be easier to understand, and many footnotes would be redundant. Under confidence accounting, external assessors could evaluate the performance of managers and auditor. If managers provide silly future estimates, the silly estimates remain there for investors to judge. Any audit firm will have a number of client failures over, say, a decade. If failure are within confidence levels, then we have a good, or even too prudent, auditor. If not, perhaps a sloppy, or statistically unusual, auditor. Markets will price the value of higher confidence levels, and quality auditors will be able to value work on better disclosure appropriately.
Sound financial reporting is fundamental to sound business and it is no exaggeration to over that economic prosperity requires it. Thus, confidence accounting involves showing the expected range and distribution of likely values for significant because sheet items. Confidence accounting approach being proposed in an indication of how some organizations are beginning to challenge perceived wisdom, and asking questions of established accounting methodologies. The association of certified chartered accountants, UK how ever is not endorsing this particular approach in that there is the belief that the concept of confidence accounting possesses sufficient merits, it adopt as alternative to financial accounting users confidence could be enhanced in terms of being able to measure some specific items in balance with a view to guiding them for investment purpose and other purposes. Against this back drop, this project or study examines the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
There is a high debate as regard the adoption of confidence accounting approach as a measurement of values and range among quoted firms in developed countries and developing countries of the World, of which Nigeria is inclusive. The views in the advanced countries of the world as regard confidence accounting is that it reduces accountings disclosure and serve as potential future valuation of firms. However this is unlikely in developing countries of such as Nigeria. There have been scanty or non existent of extent literature on the subject matter. To a greater extent, the concept is not clear to many university dons whose specialization is on accounting. It is on this basis, this project intends to evaluate the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria. Thus, the following specific research questions are raised in order to achieve the goal of the study.
1.3 Research Questions
a. Are lecturers aware of confidence accounting in Nigeria universities?
b. Does confidence accounting bring difficult single numbers to better ranges
c. Does confidence accounting enhance external parties to evaluate the performance of managers and auditors?
d. Does confidence accounting provide investors the judgment to take wise investment decision making?
e. Will confidence accounting improve financial reporting among quoted firms in Nigeria?
f. Are there benefits of including confidence accounting into curriculum among university in Nigeria?
g. Does confidence accounting leads to better financial decision making?
h. Will confidence accounting lead to balancing the odds as well as the books?
i. Does confidence accounting adds value to firms financial reports?
1.4 Objectives of Study
The objectives of the study are basically divided into two, general and specific objective. The general objective is to examine the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria. However, the specific objectives of the study are as follows:
a. To find out if lecturers are aware of confidence accounting in Nigerian universities.
b. To ascertain if confidence accounting bring difficult single numbers to better ranges.
c. To find out if confidence accounting enhance external parties to evaluate the performance of managers and auditors.
d. To examine if confidence accounting provide investor the judgment to take wise investment decision making.
e. To find out if confidence accounting will improve financial reporting among quoted firms in Nigeria.
f. To find out if there is benefits of including confidence accounting into curriculum among University in Nigeria.
g. To ascertain if confidence accounting leads to better financial decision making.
h. To ascertain if confidence accounting will lead to balancing the odds as well as the books.
i. To find out if confidence accounting adds values to firms financial reports.
1.5 Statement of Research Hypotheses
1. Ho: Confidence accounting does not provide investors the judgment to take wise investment decision making.
2. Ho: Confidence accounting doest not add values to firms financial reports.
3. Ho: Confidence accounting does not bring difficult single numbers to better ranges.
1.6 Scope/Delimitation of the Study
This study examines awareness of confidence accounting among university in Nigeria. The universities in Edo States form the population of the study. From the entire universities, two (2) shall be studied, which include Benson Idahosa University (B.I.U) and the University of Benin all in Benin City. Structured questionnaire shall be employ to elicit the respondents’ response with a view making inferences.
1.7 Significance of the Study
1. The study will be very much relevant to the University lecturer, it will enable them to know the benefits underlying confidence accounting.
2. Another beneficiary of this study will include the institute of character accountant of Nigeria (ICAN) which will find the outcome of the study useful in terms of formulating policies in accounting profession. Similarly, the international accounting standard board stands to benefit immensely in terms of developing further standard on the subject matter being investigated.
3. Future researchers in Nigeria especially with find this study very useful as reference material.
1.8 Limitations Of The Study
The limitation of the study are as follows:
Sample size: The sample size of this study being two Universities in Benin City, all in Edo State are too small to ensure generalization. Low respondent’s response based on the field work is another limitation of study. The respondent resent giving out vital information to aid the achievement of the research.
