CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
With the invention of the telegraph, radio and television, print newspapers have faced challenges over the decades, yet publishers have always adapted and persevered. However, the Internet is proving to be a far more dangerous foe to the traditional newspaper model. Faced with such an adversary, small and large newspapers alike may have no choice but to abandon their traditional methods for a more innovative approach. Newspaper companies around the globe are changing their mode of producing and distributing news (Clemons & Lang 2003). The changes are due to a continuous decline in newspaper circulation, readership, and advertisers. The decline is as a result of changing reader’s consumption, which according to Sternvik et al, (2008) & Fortunati & Sarrica (2010) is caused by the Internet. Internet has resulted in newspaper consumers developing the habit of wanting interne news, free news, quick news and interactivity i.e news blog and user-generated content (Freer, 2007 & Sternvik et al, 2008). The inability of traditional newspapers to provide all these emerging perks has prompted a prediction that many newspaper companies will be forced to change in order to survive; adapting the style, the content, and the design of the newspaper as well as adopting new technology, which empower consumer’s involvement. New product development is viewed as a key for responding to declining product consumption caused by consumer changing needs (Nystrom, 1985). It is defined as a modification of existing product and an introduction of a new product that meets contemporary needs (Foxall, 1998 & Leonard, 1998). It could be the creation of products with additional or different characteristics that offer new or additional benefits to consumers. However, it should be pointed out that the relative inability of some African countries to establish a strong presence on the web means the journalists are still compelled to source African news from established western news agencies and cable channels. The new technologies may have facilitated faster access to news about Africa and other foreign countries but disparity remains in the level of Internet accessibility in some African countries (Obijiofor et al, 2000). Thus, the more African countries establish their presence on the web, the easier it is for journalists to access news about those countries. In this regard, the paucity of the new technologies in many African countries has reduced the capacity for information sharing among African journalists. In a comparative study of Singaporean and Nigerian journalists’ perceptions of the new technologies, Obijiofor (2001) found that journalists in the two countries hold different views in regard to the impact of the Internet on journalism practice. Singaporean journalists believe the Internet has enabled them to focus more on regional news, particularly the positive news genre in developing Southeast Asian countries that do not receive prominence from western news agencies. As the deputy foreign editor of the Straits Times (Singapore) explained in an interview: “The [western] agencies tend to focus, for example, on human rights angle or prostitution in Thailand and other negative news... There must be more in Thailand than prostitution. The new technologies allow us to go into each country to see what else is out there, to determine the news ourselves rather than have the news determined for us by the western news agencies” [Personal interview](Obijiofor, 2001). It must be noted that Singapore is not a developing country. However, the level of technological development in Singapore may have informed the way Singaporean journalists perceived the new technologies. Nigerian journalists on the other hand believe the new technologies have enabled them to diversify their sources of news and also to rely less on the major western news agencies (Obijiofor, 2001).
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the entire system of newspaper production in Nigeria. Both the print and broadcast media are affected in one way or the other by the information revolution. Information is the primary input as well as the final output of Newspaper industry. It collects raw information and converts it into categorized, defined and useful pieces of information. Therefore it will not be an exaggeration to say that the radical changes brought in the realm of information through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) revolution are bound to affect Newspaper more than any other industry. The adoption and absorption of Information and Communication Technologies are being carried out in newspaper industry by bringing efficiencies in all the functional wings including newsgathering, production, editorial and marketing so as to gain competitive advantage (Indo American Print summit 2008:153). Information and Communication technologies are now used not just by press but increasingly by reporters and editors also in Nigeria. Its benefits are being recognized at every point of the entire supply chain of newspaper production. The impact of Information and Communication technologies on every aspect of Newspaper, on the product, the production process, marketing and distribution in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. According to Chris (2001:7), technology development and absorption in Newspaper industry improved the printing process and reduced the operating time of editorial desks. The profuse use of online content and facilities has led to dominance of many-to-many model over one-to-many model of information collection. The individual or the department entrusted for the collection of information and news (Journalist) could gather information as per own and others convenience.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
One obvious impact of the new technologies is the empowerment of news consumers on a global scale. The Internet has enabled news consumers to make decisions regarding what they want to read or hear, when to read that information and to choose which medium to patronise. Anyone who can access the Internet is guaranteed almost as much information and data as professional journalists have. In essence, media consumers who feel dissatisfied with the quality of service provided by a particular news medium could readily look for alternatives elsewhere. The notion of loyalty to a particular news medium has become untenable it is in lieu of this that the researcher decides to investigate the impact of the internet on newspaper production.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of the internet on newspaper production. But to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following objective;
i) To ascertain the impact of internet on newspaper production
ii) To investigate the role of ICT on news reportage
iii) To investigate if there is any relationship between digital journalism and traditional journalism on news reportage
iv) To ascertain the financial implication of online reporting and the print media
1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the successful completion of the study, the following hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;
H0: the internet has no impact on newspaper production
H1: the internet has a significant impact on newspaper production
H0: ICT does not play any significant role on news reportage
H2: ICT do play a significant role on news reportage.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the management of newspaper houses or print media as the study seeks to elaborate on the impact and competition the internet has brought on the traditional news media outlet.
The study will also be of great importance to journalist and news editors as the advent of internet has come to broaden and change the scope and way of journalism. The study will also be of importance to researcher who intends to carry out study in similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point. Finally the study will be of significance to academia, student, teachers, lecturers and the general public as the findings will also contribute to the pool of knowledge.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the impact of internet on newspaper production. but in the course of the study there were some factors which militated against the scope of the study;
a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Internet
Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web(WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing
Newspapers
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint.
News
News is information about current events. Journalists provide news through many different media, based on word of mouth, printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, and also on their own testimony, as witnesses of relevant events.
News production
Journalistic Production Theoretical Framework. Defining news is the first step to decoding the process of news production. According to Nossek (2008), “news is a genre of mass media content resulting from journalists' information gathering and editors' decisions and following professional practices and norms.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study
